The frequency of and outcome from acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans are detailed together with a classification of the principal focal and diffuse pathologies, and their mechanisms in extract laboratory models are outlined. Particular emphasis is given to diffuse axonal injury, which is a major determinant of outcome. Cellular and molecular cascades triggered by injury are described ...

Serial computed tomographic scans in 39 closed head injury patients were measured by planimetry. The ventricle-brain ratio was computed, and the lateral ventricles were considered to be enlarged or normal based on measurements from a control group. Delayed ventricular enlargement was common after head injury producing low Glasgow Coma Scale scores and prolonged coma, whereas subarachnoid/intrav...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Americans, especially those under age 45. TBI accounts for more than 500,000 emergency department visits annually (Nirula et al., 2003). Closed head injury produces cerebral edema, hemorrhage, contusions, and ischemia. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is also a common consequence of head trauma, and results from rotational...