This paper is an extension of previous work which characterises soil behaviours using the grading entropy diagram. The present work looks at the piping process in granular soils, by considering some new data from flood-protection dikes. The piping process is divided into three parts here: particle movement at the micro scale to segregate free water; sand boil development (which is the initiatio...

Abstract Flow in streams and rivers typically erodes the banks, causing channel bank migration laterally, resulting loss of nearby land, modification morphology, excessive sediment transport, water quality degradation. A spur dike is a hydraulic structure placed at projecting outward to guide or divert flow away from bank, thus protecting it erosion. The stability riverbed banks influenced by t...

Facing rising sea levels, increasing peak discharges of the rivers and intensification of rainstorms due to climate change; the subsidence of land; development of urbanization; and the growth of population, flood risks continue to be the prime issue to the Netherlands. As the frequency and severity of floods increase, the reconsideration of current flood defense strategies is imperative. This p...

Spur-dikes are efficient hydraulic structures that made for numerous purposes. They have one end on the stream bank and another extending into current. As a result of existing spur-dikes in course, local scour phenomena usually occur around them, leading to several predicaments which been great concern engineers. For present work, laboratory experiments were carried out measure depths located a...

The removal of invasive plants is a global concern, and ecological restoration methods have been major research topic in recent years. In the estuarine salt marsh Yangtze River, dikes are typically used projects to eradicate plant Spartina alterniflora . We explored ways optimizing dike construction providing an effective basis for wetland control protection biodiversity analyzed effects on mac...

Three syenite dike sets, named the Santa Cruz dikes, are coeval with the 627 ± 13 Ma old porphyritic calc-alkalic Princesa Izabel granitoid, northeastern Brazil. Dike set 1 is up to 1.5 m wide, strike 030 e040 Az, roughly parallel to the regional foliation. Dike set 2 strikes 120 e130 Az and consists of xenolith-bearing syenites and is roughly parallel to dike set 3, which is up to 1.5 m wide a...

introduction there are some theories about the paleotethys event during the paleozoic that have been proposed by geologists (metcalfe, 2006). some scientist offered some pieces of evidence about the northern margin of gondwana (zhu et al., 2010). the paleotethys ocean and hercynian orogenic report first in iran, have been offered from the morrow and misho mountain (eftekharnejad, 1981). misho m...