Society's reliance upon chemicals over the last few decades has led to their increased production, application and release into the environment. Determination of chemical persistence is crucial for risk assessment and management of chemicals. Current established OECD biodegradation guidelines enable testing of chemicals under laboratory conditions but with an incomplete consideration of factors...

Synthetic musks (nitro and polycyclic musks) are a group of chemicals offering a wide range of important properties for environmental monitoring programs. They are produced as odorous chemicals and added to a wide variety of perfumes, toiletry products and other household products. As such, they are directly applied in cosmetic products or in washed textiles to the human body in considerable co...

The need for alternatives to animal-based skin sensitization testing has spurred research on the use of in vitro, in silico, and in chemico methods. Glutathione and other select peptides have been used to determine the reactivity of electrophilic allergens to nucleophiles, but these methods are inadequate to accurately measure rapid kinetics observed with many chemical sensitizers. A kinetic sp...

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are liganddependent transcription factors that activate target genes involved in lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cell differentiation in response todiverse compounds, includingenvironmental chemicals. The liver-expressed receptor PPARa mediates peroxisome proliferative responses associated with rodent hepatocarcinogenesis. Previous s...

background and objective: quality control is one of the most important components in order to improve quality assurance in laboratories during analytical steps. for this purpose, coefficient of variation plays an important role. due to the fast improvement in technology, application of inferential statistics for the comparisons of laboratory techniques, including instrument and chemicals and fa...

The toxicology of synthetic chemicals is compared to that of natural chemicals, which represent the vast bulk of the chemicals to which humans are exposed. It is argued that animals have a broad array of inducible general defenses to combat the changing array of toxic chemicals in plant food (nature's pesticides) and that these defenses are effective against both natural and synthetic toxins. S...

iran, for it's socio-economic development is faced with limitations, because of growing population, economic drawbacks and shortcomings in resources. therefore, country planning should be based on considering the limitations. at present, water treatment industry in iran is regarded as one of the major development activities needing a comperehensive management with both quantitative and qua...