Abstract Despite increasingly programmatic politics and competitive elections, political clientelism remains an enduring feature of African politics. More so, while politicians rarely deliver on promises, citizens continue to demand participate in patron–client relations. While moral economy instrumentalist accounts offer insight into the puzzling persistence clientelism, we additional framewor...

Biopolymers are widely available, low-/nontoxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, chemically versatile, and inherently functional, making them highly potential for a broad range of applications such as biomedicine, food, textile, cosmetics. 3D printing (3DP) is capable fabricating some customized, complex material structures composed single or multiple constituents that cannot be achieved by conve...

We present an easy method for the synthesis of β-ketoesters starting from various carbocyclic and heterocyclic carboxylic acids and esters. The β-ketoester side-chain was introduced by a sequence involving α-deprotonation and quenching with CO2, conversion to the corresponding acid chloride and subsequent chain elongation using deprotonated ethyl acetate.