BACKGROUND CONTEXT Retrolisthesis is relatively rare but when present has been associated with increased back pain and impaired back function. Neither the prevalence of this condition in individuals with lumbar disc herniations nor its possible relation to preoperative back pain and dysfunction has been well studied. PURPOSE The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to determine the pre...

Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder associated with lower back pain that typically occurs age but can also be precipitated by other factors. At present, the available treatments such as physical therapy, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgical interventions are aimed at addressing symptoms of disease not degeneration process. Among various biologica...

Most of the pathophysiological processes of neurodegenerative diseases share the aggregation of related proteins which is one of the hallmarks of the degenerative processes. Recent advances in the knowledge of these proteinopathies show that the same protein could contribute to a number of diseases, thus suggesting a common pathological process. If this is so, specific instances of the brain ne...

Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus are now prevalent among adults living in developing countries; these chronic diseases affect socioeconomically disadvantaged adults living in impoverished families with undernourished children. This review summarizes data from Brazil--a developing country undergoing the nutrition transition--suggesting an association between childhoo...