INTRODUCTION For the treatment of a bacterial infection, the antimicrobial agent selected must have activity against the causative pathogenic microorganism and must attain effective concentrations at the site of infection. The ultimate criterion of successful therapy is a favourable clinical response to the treatment. Such a response depends on the interrelations between the causative pathogeni...

Manipulation of the actin cytoskeleton is a commonly used process by which bacterial pathogens and viruses are able to neutralize host defense mechanisms and subvert them in order to replicate in a hostile environment. Diverse bacteria display a wide array of mechanisms of regulation of microfilaments to enter, move within or exit the host cell. A less studied subject is how pathogens may co-op...

Repeatedly, news headlines read: "Buffer overflow in vendor’s product allows intruders to take over computer!” This widespread programming mistake is easy to make, exacerbated by the ubiquitous C language, and very simple to exploit. We describe a demonstration (a Java applet) appropriate for a traditional programming course to drive home key points: why buffer overflows occur, how overflows op...

Plants have two principal defense mechanisms to decrease fitness losses to herbivory: tolerance, the ability to compensate fitness after damage, and resistance, the ability to avoid damage. Variation in intensity of herbivory among populations should result in variation in plant defense levels if tolerance and resistance are associated with costs. Yet little is known about how levels of toleran...

A striking aspect of many vertebrate immune system is the exceptionally high level of polymorphism they harbor. A convincing case can be made that this polymorphism is driven by the diversity of pathogens that face selective pressures to evade attack by the host immune system. Different organisms accomplish a defense against diverse pathogens through mechanisms that differ widely in their requi...

UNLABELLED Patients with hypogammaglobulinemia are susceptible to recurrent bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. The most common clinical manifestation includes recurrent severe infections caused by encapsulated bacteria, in which antibody opsonization is the primary defense mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of hypogammaglobulinemia in a Ugandan child in ...

If dissociative symptoms are manifestations of a psychological defense mechanism, one would expect people who have such symptoms to react with lower levels of physiological arousal and with memory omissions to emotionally provocative material. The current study tested this assumption in a sample of undergraduates. Sixty-two undergraduate students viewed a highly emotional video fragment. Pearso...

The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is a conserved defense mechanism that protects the genetic information of animal germ cells from the deleterious effects of molecular parasites, such as transposons. Discovered nearly a decade ago, this small RNA silencing system comprises PIWI-clade Argonaute proteins and their associated RNA-binding partners, the piRNAs. In this review, we highlight re...

The authors reply to a quartet of recent articles in this journal. We detail certain misrepresentations and the dismissal of existing research in those articles (including attempts at denial of the repeatedly documented association of lack of vaginal orgasm with greater use of immature psychological defense mechanisms and other indices of poorer health). The authors also call for a less defensi...

Different models have been developed to capture an individual’s defensive functioning, including the DSM-IV Defensive Functioning Scale (DFS). These different models are often used to distinguish between psychologically healthy individuals and individuals presenting with a mental disorder, or to demonstrate change in patients over the course of and following treatment. Yet, despite evidence tha...