A task-given-type examination is a system of compiling questions for examinations. In this system, teachers show students some samples of examination questions beforehand, which in turn, teachers choose questions for a examination from these samples, and then give them to the students at the examination. It is very important to develop supportive software for marking, because this system requir...

Traditionally, automatic marking has been restricted to item types such as multiple choice that narrowly constrain how students may respond. More open ended items have generally been considered unsuitable for machine marking because of the difficulty of coping with the myriad ways in which credit-worthy answers may be expressed. Successful automatic marking of free text answers would seem to pr...

This paper contributes to the recent investigations of speechaccompanying gestures under a formal semantic view. We show that gestures can serve to disambiguate a sentence with respect to its possible focus domains. We provide a statistical evaluation of data gained from a corpus annotated with gestures and information structure. The language under investigation is German. We argue that a sente...

Our aim is to investigate computational linguistics (CL) techniques in marking short free text responses automatically. Successful automatic marking of free text answers would seem to presuppose an advanced level of performance in automated natural language understanding. However, recent advances in CL techniques have opened up the possibility of being able to automate the marking of free text ...

An efficient method is presented for signalling link price information using single-bit marks. The algorithm exploits side information in the IPid field of the IP header to allow the maximum price on a flow’s path to be estimated. The algorithm automatically adapts the resolution with which the price is quantised, depending on how quickly the price changes, and allows non-uniform quantisation t...

Electronic documents are more easily copied and redistributed than paper documents. This is a major impediment to electronic publishing. Illegal redistribution can be discouraged by placing unique marks in each copy and registering the copy with the original recipient. If an illegal copy is discovered, the original recipient can be identified. In this work we describe several invisible techniqu...

This paper presents a novel approach to measuring and mapping shape and motion of the water surface. The approach combines and borrows from existing techniques, such as stereo imaging shape recognition and tracking, infrared (IR) laser marking and thermography, and particle image velocimetry. The system consists of a high power IR laser beam controlled by a programmable marking head and two IR ...

In (1) the syntactic functions of S (gizona ‘man’ in 1a) and O (mutila ‘boy’ in 1b) are identically coded, while in (2) it is S (muzhchina ‘man’ in 2a) and A (muzhchina in 2b) that are identically coded. That is, the two languages differ in whether S is aligned with A or O. Henceforth we refer to syntactic functions such as A, O, and S as argument roles. Argument structure has to do with the nu...

The Distributed Denial-of-Service attack is a serious threat in Internet and an effective method is needed for distinguishing the attack traffic from the legitimate traffic. We propose the concept of bit marking to identify and drop the attack packets. Bit marking is a variation of packet marking technique that modifies the packet header at each router. However bit marking differs from packet m...

It has recently been shown that nucleosome distribution, histone modifications and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy show preferential association with exons ("exon-intron marking"), linking chromatin structure and function to co-transcriptional splicing in a variety of eukaryotes. Previous ChIP-sequencing studies suggested that these marking patterns reflect the nucleosomal landscape. By an...