D2-like dopamine autoreceptors regulate dopamine release and are implicated in important actions of antipsychotic drugs and rewarding behaviors. To directly observe the effects of D2 autoreceptors on exocytic neurotransmitter release, we measured quantal release of dopamine from pheochromocytoma PC12 cells that express D2 and D4 autoreceptors. High potassium-evoked secretion in PC12 cells produ...

Antisera have been raised against two peptides from the sequence of D2 dopamine receptors: peptide 1 from the predicted second extracellular loop and peptide 2 from the predicted third intracellular loop. The antisera recognize specifically a 95 kDa band in Western blots of several bovine brain regions, which corresponds to the denatured D2 dopamine receptor, whereas in recombinant CHO cells ex...

A new protein, coded as D2-3, was obtained from the marine organism Tegillarca granosa L. by anion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography. The purity of D2-3 was over 99.0% as measured by RP-HPLC. Its molecular weight was shown to be 20.320 kDa by ESI-MS/MS, and the isoelectric point of D2-3 was 4.70. The antitumor activity of D2-3 against four human tumor cell lines was measured by MTT assay....

The nucleus accumbens is a key mediator of cocaine reward, but the distinct roles of the two subpopulations of nucleus accumbens projection neurons, those expressing dopamine D1 versus D2 receptors, are poorly understood. We show that deletion of TrkB, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor, selectively from D1+ or D2+ neurons oppositely affects cocaine reward. Because loss of Tr...

Striatal dopamine transmission underlies numerous goal-directed behaviors. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are a major target of dopamine in the striatum. However, as dopamine does not directly evoke a synaptic event in MSNs, the time course of dopamine signaling in these cells remains unclear. To examine how dopamine release activates D2-receptors on MSNs, G protein activated inwardly rectifying p...

In this paper we study the gravitational dielectric phenomena of a D2-brane in the background of Kaluza-Klein monopoles and D6-branes. In both cases the spherical D2-brane with nonzero radius becomes classical solution of the D2-brane action. We also investigate the gravitational Myers effect in the background of D6-branes. This phenomenon occurs since the tension of the D2-brane balances with ...

If D = (V,A) is a digraph, its competition hypergraph CH(D) has vertex set V and e ⊆ V is an edge of CH(D) iff |e| ≥ 2 and there is a vertex v ∈ V , such that e = {w ∈ V |(w, v) ∈ A}. For several products D1 ◦D2 of digraphs D1 and D2, we investigate the relations between the competition hypergraphs of the factors D1, D2 and the competition hypergraph of their product D1 ◦D2.

BACKGROUND Current guidelines indicate that D2 resection is the standard of care for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. To assess the impact of quality assurance of lymph node removal, non-compliance and contamination in the D1 and D2 study arms of the Dutch Gastric Cancer Trial were investigated with respect to recurrence and survival. METHODS The location and numbers of lymph no...