Outside Front Cover: Photograph of the face a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-emitting lamp reflected by 15 cm (6”) diameter silicon wafer. Having radiating area 100 cm2, is optical source for commercial VUV photolithography system, manufactured Cygnus Photonics, with which polymers serve as dry photoresist. Its peak emission wavelength 172 nm allows photopatterning and cellulose 10 depth precision. F...

Linking China’s interest in the maritime waters arises from the geo-strategic importance of Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) vital to the oil supply of the country. China is building strategic relationships and developing a naval capability to establish a forward presence along the SLOCs that connect China to the Middle East and to Africa. The entire stretch includes South China Sea, Indian ...

The continuous development of global economy with decreasing in available hydrocarbon sources and increasing discovery and extraction costs due to decrease in-situ oil and gas reservoir, displays the necessity of using new techniques for the improve rate of penetration and productivity in well. Nanotechnology has already contributed significantly to technological advances in the energy industri...

Associated with each of the classical cohomology theories in algebra has been a theory relating H (H as classically numbered) to obstructions to non-singular extensions and H with coefficients in a “center” to the non-singular extension theory (see [Eilenberg & MacLane (1947), Hochschild (1947), Hochschild (1954), MacLane (1958), Shukla (1961), Harrison (1962)]). In this paper we carry out the ...

Saturday, August 27, 1859 was a day that profoundly changed the world, for on that afternoon in the small town of Titusville, Pennsylvania, the first well drilled specifically to produce liquid oil came in. Petroleum offered a simpler and cheaper way to produce kerosene than the method of that time, which involved the destructive distillation of certain types of coal (1 ). Kerosene, introduced ...