this study aims to design some dual-target anticancer candidates, capable to act as an alkylating agent as well as a thymidylate synthase (ts) inhibitor. the designed scaffold is a combination of nucleobase, amino acid and aziridine structures. the candidates are docked into ts and three dna double strand structures and evaluated based on their binding interaction energies and ligand efficienci...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Induction treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) is not always successful and nonresponding patients are considered refractory. RECENT FINDINGS Refractory disease should be subdefined to the treatment that was received. Cyclophosphamide refractory AAV occurs in up to 5% of patients. Many more patients develop contraindications t...

Cyclophosphamide has long been known to be an extremely effective immunosuppressant in rodents. In humans, the drug has been used extensively for cancer chemotherapy and for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Several years ago cyclophosphamide was introduced by Santos and his associates into to the field of clinical bone marrow grafting. There are probably tho reasons why cyclophosphamide h...

Complete immunological tolerance to sheep cells can be induced in mice when cyclophosphamide is injected together with sheep cells or up to 72 hr before or 48 hr after the antigen. As is true for radiation-induced immune suppression, the drug is most effective when given in the 24 hr prior to antigen. Complete cyclophosphamide-induced immunological suppression requires large doses of sheep cell...

objective(s):gemifloxacin is a broad spectrum antibiotic and has shown excellent coverage against a wide variety of microorganisms. in this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of gemifloxacin in male swiss albino mice in vivo. materials and methods: three doses of gemifloxacin 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg were used intraperitoneally (ip) for the evaluation o...

The numerous natural products and their bioactivity potentially afford an extraordinary resource for new drug discovery and have been employed in cancer treatment. However, the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of most natural anticancer compounds remain elusive, which has become one of the major obstacles in developing novel effective anticancer agents. Here, to address these unmet needs, ...

Objective(s): Nanocarriers are drug delivery vehicles, which have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years, particularly in cancer treatment. The encapsulation of anticancer drugs using protein nanocages is considered to be an optimal approach to reducing drug side-effects and increasing the bioavailability of anticancer drugs. Epirubicin (EPR) is an active chemotherapeutic medica...

Septilin (Spt) is a polyherbal drug formulation from Himalaya Drug Company, consisting of extracts from different medicinal plants and minerals. In the traditional system of medicine, septilin is being used as immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In the present study, the protective effects of septilin against the genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide (CP) a widely used alkylat...

The human aldo-keto reductase AKR1B10, originally identified as an aldose reductase-like protein and human small intestine aldose reductase, is a cytosolic NADPH-dependent reductase that metabolizes a variety of endogenous compounds, such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and dicarbonyl compounds, and some drug ketones. The enzyme is highly expressed in solid tumors of several tissues includi...

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an important sphingolipid metabolite regulating key physiological and pathophysiological processes such as cell growth and survival and tumor angiogenesis. Significant research evidence links elevated cellular S1P concentration to cancer cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Physiological levels of S1P are tightly regulated and maintained at the low na...