The present study was aimed at the development of aerobic granules in a sequencing batch reactor for the biodegradation of m-cresol. The reactor was started with 100 mg L(-1)of m-cresol. Aerobic granules first appeared within 1 month of the start-up of the reactor. The granules were large and strong and had a compact structure. The diameter of stable granules on day 200 was in the range of 1.5 ...

Reactor and reaction engineering play a vital role in petroleum and chemical processing. The aim of this article is to acquaint the reader with the interaction between reactor design=selection and the characteristics of the chemical reaction of interest. Reactor selection and design are the basis of economical and safe operation. Chemical reactions in petroleum refining include a huge spectrum ...

Separation of solids from liquid swine manure and subsequent thermochemical conversion (TCC) of the solids fraction into oil is one way of reducing the waste strength and odor emission. Such processing also provides a potential means of producing renewable energy from animal wastes. Gravity settling and mechanical separation techniques, by means of a centrifuge and belt press, were used to remo...

Biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) synthesis from sunflower oil and methanol using an immobilized lipase, an example of a liquid-liquid solid reaction, was studied in batch and various continuous reactor set-ups including the use of a centrifugal contactor separator (CCCS). The latter is an example of a highly intensified device, integrating liquid-liquid reactions and subsequent phase...

The ability to efficiently and comprehensively evaluate synthetic routes at their earliest stage of development is especially important in pharmaceutical process research and development and chemical engineering laboratories [1 and 2]. The evaluation and optimization of typically complex synthetic sequences (involving many reaction parameters) frequently entails bench-scale experimentation of a...

Solar disinfection (SODIS) of water is a well-known, effective treatment process which is practiced at household level in many developing countries. However, this process is limited by the small volume treated and there is no indication of treatment efficacy for the user. Low cost glass tube reactors, together with compound parabolic collector (CPC) technology, have been shown to significantly ...

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology has found many applications in industrial wastewater treatment in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal time for a cycle of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and evaluate the performance of a SBR for petrochemical wastewater treatment in that cycle time. The reactor was operated with a suspended biomass configuration under ae...

Biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal was investigated in an intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor (IASBR) and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The removal efficiencies of ammonium-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N) were 100% in both reactors in steady operation state. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were 90.4% in the IASBR and 79.3% in the SBR, while the total phosphorus (TP) rem...

Catechol is a terminal metabolite formed during the degradative pathways of various aromatic compounds, generally pollutants. Pseudomonas sp. strain NGK1 (NCIM 5120), a soil microbe, is capable of utilizing catechol as the carbon and energy source. This bacterium was encapsulated in alginate and polyurethane foam (PUF). The degradation rate of 20 and 40 mM of catechol in shaken batch cultures, ...