In the present study, we experimentally tested the role of hand motor circuits in simple-arithmetic strategies. Educated adults solved simple additions (e.g., 8 + 3) or simple subtractions (e.g., 11 - 3) while they were required to retrieve the answer from long-term memory (e.g., knowing that 8 + 3 = 11), to transform the problem by making an intermediate step (e.g., 8 + 3 = 8 + 2 + 1 = 10 + 1 ...

Coastal areas consider as a strategic and important region of each country. Proximity of water and land always was the origin of human societies’ formation. Currently, in the rapidly changing world the emphasis shifts on urban issues according to strategy and urban management, especially management of coastal development. Iran considering wide costal area in the north and south is no exception....

The cultural defense has been the subject of a great deal of recent scholarship. Much of this analysis has concerned the consequences of the cultural defense, both for defendants and victims. Scholars differ on what these unintended consequences may be, however, and identify effects ranging from encouraging American ideals to spreading racism, to legitimizing violence against women. Although se...

Many theoretical cultural frameworks have been proposed in the literature. For comparisons and critiques of these frameworks to make sense, community members have to assign similar-enough meanings to the terms that they use when interacting. This entails overcoming the challenge of dealing with the imprecise and interpretable definitions conveyed in frameworks due to the use of common language....

This paper aims to rethink creative city theory by analyzing urban regeneration processes in Japan through cultural creativity and social inclusion. The impact of Florida’s theory has led to the common misperception that cities prosper as people of the creative class, such as artists and gays, gather. However, attracting people of the creative class does not automatically make a creative city. ...

The advent of New Zealand’s world-leading Digital Strategy underpins the increasing importance of ICTs in community settings. It also marks a significant change in government policy and the first time a government has adopted a whole of government approach to ICTs. This article provides a personal view of the policy process for creating the Digital Strategy, presented by one of the participants...

This paper will discuss recent initiatives to encourage the development of broadband networks in New Zealand. It is widely believed that the availability of good quality broadband will lead to improved economic development at the regional level. This paper considers the role played by both national and regional government in improving access to broadband. At a national level the government has ...