The target article argues that whole groups can act as interactors in an evolutionary process. We believe that Smaldino's discussion would be advanced by a more thorough analysis of the appropriate replicators and lineages for this model. We show that cultural evolution is necessarily a separate process from cultural group selection, and we also illustrate that the two processes may influence e...

doctors and clients sometimes experience interactive clashes during hospital meetings in south-western nigerian hospitals because of their divergent culture-constrained orientation to politeness cues. the goal of this paper is to unpack the discursive elements that characterize interactive confluence and divergence in selected consultative encounters in the hospitals. the findings indicate that...

recent developments in leadership theory have shifted interest from earlier theories of charismatic leadership, that viewed the leader as extraordinary and the followers as dependent on the leader, to neo-charismatic theories and transformational leadership theory, which are concerned with the development and empowerment of the followers to function independently .because of the increasing noti...

One of the important elements that have been playing a significant role in today’s global business operations is culture. An important dimension of cultural analysis has been added to its discussion of transferability of JIT/TQM to other countries ever since the Japanese management techniques, JIT and TQM, became popular throughout the world. This paper reviews the transferability of these popu...

Socio-Cultural Theory, based on Vygotskian thought, is a theory about the development of human cognitive and higher mental function. The theory specially emphasizes the integration of social, cultural and biological elements in learning processes and stresses the socio-cultural circumstances‘ central role in human‘s cognitive development. Second Language Acquisition is concerned with the proces...

urban commercial quarters such as bazaars can be found all over the world, from turkey toegypt, from tajikistan to iran. in iranian cities, bazaars have very specific and unique architectural features and theyhave played an important role as economic and social engines. in addition, bazaars are an integral part of the culturalgeography of iran and have contributed to the definition of urban dev...

In recent years the cultural landscape has become an important issue for cultural heritages throughout the world. It represents the "combined works of nature and of man" designated in Article 1 of the World Heritage Convention. When a landscape has a cultural heritage value, important features should be marked and mapped through the delimitation of a conservation area, which may be essential fo...

Iran and Ethiopia have had bilateral relations for almost two thousand years. These relations were accompanied by cultural exchanges among the people, resulting in the acceptance of both nation’s cultural elements by the other. A thorough knowledge of these cultural exchanges is not only important in understanding the history of the bilateral relations between the two countries; it would also b...

The eastern Aleutian prehistoric archaeological sequence is key for understanding population movements, cultural exchanges, and adaptations to environmental changes over a wide area of the north Pacific and Bering Sea during the Holocene. An important question is, Can the settlement history of the eastern Aleutians be understood as a single continuous tradition lasting some 9,000 years, or were...