Cryosurgery has a long history dating back to the mid-1800s when James Arnott, an English physician, used a salt and ice mixture to treat cervical and breast carcinoma. Modern cryosurgery began in 1961 with the development of automated equipment by Cooper and Lee. Since then, tumors in various organs have been treated with cryoablation, and probes of various shapes and sizes have been designed ...

Actinic keratosis is a common skin disorder in elderly patients with fair complexions. It is caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. If left untreated, actinic keratosis may progress to squamous cell carcinoma. The metastatic potential and prognosis vary with the type and location of the lesion. Several approaches to treatment are available, including local destruction, excisional surgery, Moh...

The effect of metabolic heat generation on the freezing of biological tissue has been studied. Quasi-steady approximation is used to solve the Pennes bioheat equation in tissues. Temperature profile and motion of freezing interfaces are obtained for different values of metabolic heat generation. It is observed that metabolism has a significant effect on freezing of biological tissues during cry...