CONSPECTUS: The total world energy demand is predicted to rise significantly over the next few decades, primarily driven by the continuous growth of the developing world. With rapid depletion of nonrenewable traditional fossil fuels, which currently account for almost 86% of the worldwide energy output, the search for viable alternative energy resources is becoming more important from a nationa...

This review discusses the progress and ongoing efforts in optical refrigeration. Optical refrigeration is a process in which phonons are removed from a solid by anti-Stokes fluorescence. The review first summarizes the history of optical refrigeration, noting the success in cooling rare-earth-doped solids to cryogenic temperatures. It then examines in detail a four-level model of rare-earth-bas...

Abstract— In incipient stage for laboratory experiments, a monitoring and control based on human operators is usual. Using the acquired experience, a computer monitoring and even control is necessary and possible. In the actual developing plan to apply the cryogenic technology for the production of the C isotope by industrial scale, an efficient and safe operation is a strong reason to conceive...

Abstract: In this paper, a DRIE process for fabricating MEMS silicon trenches with a depth of more than 250 m is described. The DRIE was produced in oxygen-added sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) plasma, with sample cooling to cryogenic temperature using a Plasmalab System 100 ICP 180 at different RF powers. A series of experiments were performed to determine the etch rate and selectivity of the some m...

About 10 years ago, Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) carried out a feasibility study on businesses using Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) for cold power generation, air separation, cryogenic crushing, frozen food storage, and carbonic acid. Recently, an air liquefaction plant started operations near Pyungtaek Receiving Terminal (R/T) and a cryogenic crushing plant is now partially operating near Tongyo...

abstract: minimizing the work consumed in refrigeration system is the most effective measure to reduce the cost of products in sub-ambient chemical processes. the introduction of mixed working fluids into refrigeration system in place of pure working fluids is a recent advancement applied in the field. due to the lack of systematic design method for mixed refrigerant cycle (mrc), conventional a...