The arrangement of plant species within a landscape influences pollination via changes in pollinator movement trajectories and plant–pollinator encounter rates. Yet the combined effects composition traits (especially specialisation) on success remain hard to quantify empirically. We used an individual-based model explore how specialisation (degree) interact influence pollination. modelled varia...

Pollination is critical for the production of many crops, and both insect- wind-based pollination systems are increasingly disrupted by bloom asynchrony, weather events, high demand available insect pollinators. Artificial can provide a security yield even in poor scenarios, have been attracting increasing attention over past decade. Here, we review pollen collection application technologies th...

The effects of supplemental mass pollination (SMP) were studied in two Pinus sylvestris seed orchards differing in pollen production. Pollen was dusted over the whole tree during the period of peak female receptivity using a pressurized backpack sprayer. The success of SMP was assessed by means of allozyme markers. In the orchard with high pollen production, detectable differences in SMP succes...