Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is essential for murine osteoclast formation and its role in human hematopoiesis in vitro is not fully defined. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of M-CSF on the formation of human osteoclasts in vitro. M-CSF was found to induce substantial bone resorption and osteoclast formation in a dose-responsive and time-dependent manner above that ind...

Gene transfer experiments in nonhuman primates have been shown to be predictive of success in human clinical gene therapy trials. In most nonhuman primate studies, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) collected from the peripheral blood or bone marrow after administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) + stem cell factor (SCF) have been used as targets, but this cytokine combinatio...

IntroductionArtificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as constructing computer programs that (i) are capable of exhibiting intelligence, (ii) exhibit intelligence by using processes used humans for the same tasks, and (iii) complementing or supplementing human (Simon, 1995). As Epstein said (2015), “Although original vision artificial

The paper explores the critical factors of the implementation of e-learning in higher institutions from the EU perspective, by comparing e-learning in two cultural contexts: the UK and Taiwan. The study employs qualitative methods to illustrate the e-learning implementation panorama, by interviewing top management groups, leaders and strategic planners, hardware and software experts, instructio...

Osteoclasts are induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-?B (RANK) ligand (RANKL). Monocyte/macrophage lineages thought to be osteoclast precursors; however, such cells have not been fully characterized owing a lack tools for their identification. Osteoclast precursors express (CSF-1R) RANK. However, the capacity conventional methods usi...