BACKGROUND The influence of changes in body position relevant to neuraxial blockade on the location of the spinal cord and related neural structures has not been fully quantified. Our aim was to determine the changes, if any, that occur in the location of the spinal cord tip [equivalent to the tip of the conus medullaris (CM)] and nerve roots when an individual moves from the supine to the left...

INTRODUCTION M A N Y experiments have recently been conducted to investigate the effects of oxygen deficiency upon embryonic development. Embryos offish, amphibia and birds have most frequently been used. Of all these experiments, those of Stockard (1921), of Biichner and his co-workers, and particularly of Rubsaamen (1952), were the most striking. Experiments employing mammals have been very f...

BACKGROUND Medical treatment of cranio-cervical pain can be suboptimal in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection. We report the use of cervical sympathetic block for treatment of pain in two patients with ICA dissection. CASE REPORTS A 58-year-old man and a 43-year-old woman presented with severe cranio-cervical pain associated with left and right ICA dissection confirmed by m...

The deep cervical flexor (DCF) muscles are considered to be of substantial clinical importance in the management of neck pain. While conventional cervical flexion (CF) dynamometry methods have been used frequently to assess the capacity of the cervical flexor muscles, it has been suggested that cranio-cervical flexion (CCF) methods may provide a more specific test of DCF muscle performance. Thi...

OBJECTIVES Preclinical studies using large animal models play an intergral part in translational research. For this study, our objectives were: to develop and validate arthroscopic approaches to four compartments of the stifle joint as determined via the gross and arthroscopic anatomy of the cranial and caudal aspects of the joint. METHODS Cadaveric hindlimbs (n = 39) were harvested from matu...

An important example of bilateral symmetry in nature is the approximate bilateral symmetry exhibited by humans. Detecting and measuring bilateral symmetry in medical images should provide beneets in a clinical environment | particularly in the area of cranio-facial re-constructive surgery. Just as artisans have created bilaterally symmetric cultural artefacts for thousands of years, modern surg...

Surgery in the cranio-maxillo-facial area is complex. However, planning a surgical operation can help the surgeon in enhancing the quality of the operation. On the other hand, progress in planning seems not to be completely justiied if the planning strategy cannot be replicated during its execution. Problems occur during planning as well as during execution. A system that optimally supports the...

The clinical characteristics and outcome of 50 primary malignant neoplasms of the lacrimal gland are reviewed: 38 (76%) adenoid cystic carcinomas, six (12%) carcinomas arising in pleomorphic adenoma, and six (12%) adenocarcinomas or other types of carcinoma. Most patients presented with a short history and pain, though pain tended to occur less often and later with adenocarcinoma than with aden...