VPg linkage to the 5' ends of picornavirus RNAs requires production of VPg-pUpU. VPg-pUpU is templated by an RNA stem-loop (the cre or oriI) found at different locations in picornavirus genomes. At least one adaptive mutation is required for human rhinovirus type 14 (HRV-14) to use poliovirus type 3 (PV-3) or PV-1 oriI efficiently. One mutation changes Leu-94 of 3C to Pro; the other changes Asp...

The 3C-like protease of the Chiba virus, a Norwalk-like virus, is one of the chymotrypsin-like proteases. To identify active-site amino acid residues in this protease, 37 charged amino acid residues and a putative nucleophile, Cys139, within the GDCG sequence were individually replaced with Ala in the 3BC precursor, followed by expression in Escherichia coli, where the active 3C-like protease w...

We have made deep Chandra observations of three powerful FRII radio sources: two quasars (3C 263 and 3C 351) and one radio galaxy (3C 330). X-ray emission from hotspots and lobes, as well as from the active nucleus, is detected in each source. We model the hotspots' synchrotron spectra using VLA, BIMA and Hubble Space Telescope data. In 3C 263 and 3C 330, the hotspots' X-ray emission is at a le...

An alternative protocol (PROT31) for 3C has been adopted by the author's lab. Much of it is identical to this version. The major differences are in the amounts of DNA used at different steps. We reliably get the same results as with this version, but also a greater yield of 3C material. Yields from this version are ample for real-time PCR analysis, but greater yields are required if the 3C mate...

Multi-quantum well structures of 3C/4H-SiC polytypes grown either on stepped or on on-axis hexagonal SiC by molecular beam epitaxy have been investigated by conventional and high resolution TEM. The 3C-SiC layers were nearly free of defects and the interface between different polytypes was abrupt. For the 3C-SiC layers the strain state and the lattice parameters have been investigated to a high...

We discovered a novel canine picornavirus in fecal, nasopharyngeal, and urine samples from dogs. The coding potential of its genome (5'-VP4-VP2-VP3-VP1-2A-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C(pro)-3D(pol)-3', where 3C(pro) is 3C protease and 3D(pol) is 3D polymerase) is similar to those of other picornaviruses, with putative P1, P2, and P3 sharing 54% to 58%, 60%, and 64% to 67% amino acid identities with bat picorn...

This paper introduces an approach based on the 3C (communication, coordination and cooperation) collaboration model to the development of collaborative systems. The 3C model is studied by means of a detailed analysis of each of its three elements, followed by a case study of a learningware application and the methodology of a web-based course, both designed based on this model. Moreover, this p...

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) affects infant and young children. A viral metagenomic approach was used to identify the eukaryotic viruses in fecal samples from 29 Thai children with clinical diagnosis of HFMD collected during the 2012 outbreak. These children had previously tested negative by PCR for enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 and A6. Deep sequencing revealed nine virus famili...