The newly-developed cosmic-ray method for measuring area-average soil moisture at the hectometer horizontal scale is being implemented in the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (or the COSMOS). The stationary cosmic-ray soil moisture probe measures the neutrons that are generated by cosmic rays within air and soil and other materials, moderated by mainly hydrogen atoms located primarily ...

The increasing frequency of sporadic weather patterns in the last decade, especially major winter storms, demands improvements in current weather forecasting techniques. Recently, there are growing interests in stratospheric forecasting because of its potential enhancements of weather forecasts. The dominating factors of northern hemisphere wintertime variation of the general circulation in the...

This contribution summarizes the current status and future plans of the NA61/SHINE experiment located at CERN SPS. This experiment is the successor of a former NA49 experiment. The broad physics program includes the investigation of the properties of strongly interacting matter, as well as precision measurements of hadron production for the T2K neutrino experiment and for the Pierre Auger Obser...

Recently, cosmic rays (CRs) have emerged as a leading candidate for driving galactic winds. Small-scale processes can dramatically affect global wind properties. We run two-moment simulations of CR streaming to study how sound waves are driven unstable by phase-shifted forces and heating. verify linear theory growth rates. As the grow non-linear, they steepen into quasi-periodic series propagat...

In this talk I present resent results on high energy cosmic rays, including energy spectra, composition and the study of arrival directions of cosmic ray primaries. Some related results in gamma-ray astronomy and selected recent advances in theory are also covered. c ⃝ Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. The ques...

We describe calstis2, the calstis calibration module which combines CRSPLIT and repeated exposures to produce a single, cosmic ray rejected image. Cosmic ray rejection in the STIS pipeline employs a noise model and parameterized rejection criteria to identify and exclude discrepant values in forming the output image. The calstis pipeline is able to perform this cosmic ray rejection because the ...

In this ISR we describe calstis-2, the calstis calibration module which combines CRSPLIT exposures to produce a single cosmic ray rejected image. Cosmic ray rejection in the STIS pipeline will follow the same basic philosophy as does the STSDAS task crrej a series of separate CRSPLIT exposures are combined to produce a single summed image, where discrepant (different by some number of sigma fro...

Cosmic rays scatter off magnetic irregularities (Alfvén waves) with which they are resonant, that is waves of wavelength comparable to their gyroradii. These waves may be generated either by the cosmic rays themselves, if they stream faster than the Alfvén speed, or by sources of MHD turbulence. Waves excited by streaming cosmic rays are ideally shaped for scattering, whereas the scattering eff...

In the following we describe recent progress in our understanding of the origin of cosmic rays. We propose that cosmic rays originate mainly in three sites, a) normal supernova explosions into the interstellar medium, b) supernova explosions into stellar winds, and c) hot spots of powerful radio galaxies. The proposal depends on an assumption about the scaling of the turbulent diiusive transpor...

It is believed that the observed diffuse gamma ray emission from the galactic plane is the result of interactions between cosmic rays and the interstellar gas. Such emission can be amplified if cosmic rays penetrate into dense molecular clouds. The propagation of cosmic rays inside a molecular cloud has been studied assuming an arbitrary energy and space dependent diffusion coefficient. If the ...