The notion of expectancy grammar as a key to understanding the nature of psychologically real processes that underlie language use is introduced by Oller (1979). A central issue in this notion is that expectancy generating systems are constructed and modified in the course of language acquisition. Thus, one of the characteristics of language proficiency is that it consists of such an expectancy...

The undertaken study investigated the correlation between English language reading anxiety and writing anxiety. A survey research design was employed, a sample of 298 BBA students from private university in Karachi utilized. completed two anxiety-measuring questionnaires: Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) Second Writing Inventory (SLWAI). Descriptive statistics revealed that majori...

In the research reported here, we investigated the debiasing effect of mindfulness meditation on the sunk-cost bias. We conducted four studies (one correlational and three experimental); the results suggest that increased mindfulness reduces the tendency to allow unrecoverable prior costs to influence current decisions. Study 1 served as an initial correlational demonstration of the positive re...