INTRODUCTION The efficient conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks remains a key step in the commercialization of biofuels. One of the barriers to cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars remains the enzymatic saccharification process step. Here, we describe a novel hybrid processing approach comprising enzymatic pre-digestion with newly characterized hyperthermophilic en...

OBJECTIVES To study the prevalence, pattern, clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of somatoform disorders in children. METHODS From Aug 2004 to July 2005, children up to 18 years with unexplained physical symptoms were evaluated prospectively using DSM-IV criteria. Detailed evaluation followed for those meeting criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of Somatoform disorders was 0.59% and...

BACKGROUND Although North American hospitals are switching from tuberculin testing (TST) to interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), data are limited on the association between occupational exposure and serial QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) results in healthcare workers (HCWs). METHODS In a cohort of Canadian HCWs, TST and QFT were performed at study enrolment (TST1 and QFT1) and 1 year la...

Meiotic recombination is a fundamental cellular mechanism in sexually reproducing organisms and its different forms, crossing over and gene conversion both play an important role in shaping genetic variation in populations. Here, we describe a coalescent-based full-likelihood Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for jointly estimating the crossing-over, gene-conversion, and mean tract length ...

Gene conversion is often viewed as a homogenizing force that opposes adaptive evolution. The objective of this study is to suggest a potential role for gene conversion in adaptive evolution of proteins through aiding the transfer of a population from one adaptive peak to another. Our hypothesis starts with the observation that a tandem gene duplication may result in an extra gene copy that is r...

2.6. Hardware Requirements 2.2.1. Sample-and-hold 2.2.2. Analog-to-digital conversion 2.2.3. ADC resolution and error sources Sampling Rates and Timing Quantisation Errors Signal Overflow 2.5.

We find evidence for interlocus gene conversion in five duplicated histone genes from six yeast species. The sequences of these duplicated genes, surviving from the ancient genome duplication, show phylogenetic patterns inconsistent with the well-resolved orthology relationships inferred from a likelihood model of gene loss after the genome duplication. Instead, these paralogous genes are more ...

TUDIES on a strain of Ascobotus immersus collected in Pasadena, California ( Y u S U N 1964) have shown unusually high rates of gene conversion at a number of sites of white-spored mutations. In most such examples conversion ratios 5 t : 3w (wild type: white) and especially 3+: 5w have been common. Closely linked sites frequently have had very similar distributions of the different conversion r...

I consider two issues concerning how to monitor global poverty for the Millennium Development Goals, the selection of poverty lines, and the data sources for monitoring poverty over time. I discuss the choice of a single international line, converted using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates, versus the use of country-specific poverty lines. I note the difficulties in constructing PPP ...

During the design of ABR tra c management at the ATM Forum, we performed several analyses to ensure that the ABR service will operate e ciently over satellite links. In the cases where the performance was unacceptable, we suggested modi cations to the tra c management speci cations. This paper describes one such issue related to the count of missing resource management cells (Crm) parameter of ...