In models that define probabilities via energies, maximum likelihood learning typically involves using Markov Chain Monte Carlo to sample from the model’s distribution. If the Markov chain is started at the data distribution, learning often works well even if the chain is only run for a few time steps [3]. But if the data distribution contains modes separated by regions of very low density, bri...

In this paper we introduce a theoretical framework and a logical application for analyzing the semantics and pragmatics of contrastive conjunctions in natural language. It is shown how expressions like although, nevertheless, yet and but are semantically definable as connectives using an operator for implication in natural language and how similar pragmatic principles affect the behaviour of bo...

0. Introduction Features which pattern as inert with respect to phonological processes are often unnecessary in distinguishing segments in an inventory. The relationship between phonological activity and contrastiveness has been modeled in theories of underspecification (e.g. Archangeli 1984, Steriade 1987). However, there is no consensus on how to determine which features are contrastive. The ...

Error Analysis is one of the major topics in the field of second language acquisition research. Errors are an integral part of language learning. The learner of English as a second language is unaware of the existence of the particular system or rule in English language. The learner’s errors have long been interested for second and foreign language researchers. The basic task of error analysis ...

Imagine Mary asks Jack to buy her a rose or a book and he in fact gets her both. In doing so, he indicates that he interpreted or inclusively (i.e., a rose, or a book, or both). However, had he been asked to buy a rose OR a book (with contrastive accent), Jack might have inferred that Mary intended him to buy one gift or the other, but not both; in this case he interpreted the utterance exclusi...

this paper seeks to find out the degree of the rhetorical variation between the introduction sections of research papers published in english for international journals and those published in farsi in the area of computer sciences. to this end, a corpus of 100 farsi and 100 english research papers were collected and analyzed sentence by sentence based on swales’ 1990 cars model. the results rev...

As the expressive depth of an emotional face differs with individuals, expressions, or situations, recognizing an expression using a single facial image at a moment is difficult. One of the approaches to alleviate this difficulty is using a video-based method that utilizes multiple frames to extract temporal information between facial expression images. In this paper, we attempt to utilize a ge...

In this article we outline a methodological approach to the study of meaning and intonation. This approach focusses both on what speakers can produce (using production experiments) and on what hearers can perceive (using perception experiments). We show that such an experimental paradigm may yield interesting results from a semantical point of view by discussing two speciic cases: contrastive a...

The perception of emotions is often suggested to be multimodal in nature, and bimodal as compared to unimodal (auditory or visual) presentation of emotional stimuli can lead to superior emotion recognition. In previous studies, contrastive aftereffects in emotion perception caused by perceptual adaptation have been shown for faces and for auditory affective vocalization, when adaptors were of t...

Speakers may use pitch accents as pointers to new information, or as signals of a contrast relation between the accented item and a limited set of alternatives. Some people claim that contrastive accents are more emphatic than newness accents and have a different melodic shape. Others, however, maintain that contrastiveness can only be determined by looking at how accents are distributed in an ...