OBJECTIVES We explored the relative contributions of declining sexual activity and improved contraceptive use to the recent decline in adolescent pregnancy rates in the United States. METHODS We used data from 1995 and 2002 for women 15 to 19 years of age to develop 2 indexes: the contraceptive risk index, summarizing the overall effectiveness of contraceptive use among sexually active adoles...

BACKGROUND Preventing unintended pregnancy in HIV-positive women can significantly reduce maternal-to-child HIV transmission as well as improve the woman's overall health. Hormonal contraceptives are safe and effective means to avoid unintended pregnancy, but there is concern that coadministration of antiretroviral drugs may alter contraceptive efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a l...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the knowledge of, and perception of female undergraduates in the Niger Delta of Nigeria towards Emergency Contraception. METHODS Anonymous self administered questionnaires were applied to randomly selected non-medical female undergraduates of the University of Port Harcourt in May 2005. RESULTS Six hundred questionnaires were retrieved out of 610 distributed. The respo...

conclusions the results of the present study demonstrate that oral contraceptives containing estradiol can lead to candida colonization in the oral cavity. it is recommended that further studies comparing the influence of oral contraceptives on candida’s adherence to the epithelium is highly recommended. results the frequency of positive cultures of candida albicans was higher (p value = 0.03) ...

objective: this study sought to explore university of ghana business school diploma student's knowledge of contraceptives, types of contraceptives, attitudes towards contraceptive users, preference for contraceptives, benefits, and side-effects of contraceptives. materials and methods: data was conducted with three sets of focus group discussions. participants were systematically sampled from a...

Unintended pregnancies, which accounted for an estimated 49% of all pregnancies in the United States in 2001, more often are associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and child than are intended pregnancies. In 2008, an estimated 36 million U.S. women of reproductive age were in need of family planning services because they were sexually active, able to get pregnant, and not trying to ge...

The present study was carried out for screening some biochemical changes due to occupational exposure to contraceptive drugs. It included 18 male workers and 22 female workers involved in the manufacture of contraceptive pills and 34 female workers manufacturing contraceptive ampoules. The levels of some sex hormones and gonadotropins were evaluated. Some parameters of blood picture, blood coag...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the frequency of cytohistologic discrepancy of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in Pap smears and associated factors. METHODS Medical records of 223 women with HSIL Pap smears who were treated at Thammasat University Hospital were reviewed. Data on age, parity, menopausal status, contraceptive use and colposcopic directed biopsy and loop electrosurgic...

Key Points A number of studies suggest that current use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills) appears to slightly increase the risk of breast cancer, especially among younger women. However, the risk level goes back to normal 10 years or more after discontinuing oral contraceptive use. Women who use oral contraceptives have reduced risks of ovarian and endometrial cancer. This protective...