The traditional conception of validity divides it into three separate and substitutable types—namely, content, criterion, and construct validities. This view is fragmented and incomplete, especially because it fails to take into account both evidence of the value implications of score meaning as a basis for action and the social consequences of score use. The new unified concept of validity int...

Qualitative content analyses often rely on a top-down approach to understand themes in collection of texts. A codebook prescribes how humans should judge if text fits theme based rules and judgment criteria. approaches are challenging because they require many resources (e.g., coders, training, rounds coding), can be affected by researcher or coder bias, may miss meaningful patterns that deviat...

Place can be generally defined as a location that has been assigned meaning through human experience, and as such it is of multidisciplinary scientific interest. Up to this point place has been studied primarily within the context of social sciences as a theoretical construct. The availability of large amounts of user-generated content, e.g. in the form of social media feeds or Wikipedia contri...

Grammar encodes meaning (Wierzbicka 1988). “Grammar is simply the structuring and symbolization of semantic content” (Langacker 1987). Grammatical variation is largely the result of a compromise between the differing requirements for the encoding of both semantic and discourse pragmatic aspects of meaning (Givón 1984). “One should prefer a semantic theory that explains otherwise arbitrary gener...

The purpose of this article is to explicate some common situations relevant to communication and the semiotics of space. Semiotics provides a systemic way to analyse and understand the characteristics of signs expressing meaning. In everyday life space is rarely considered for its independent qualities, but is more generally taken as a category of conceptions that act as a background, or a cont...

Example-based machine translation (EBMT) is a promising translation method for speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) because of its robustness. However, it has two problems in that the performance degrades when input sentences are long and when the style of the input sentences and that of the example corpus are different. This paper proposes example-based rough translation to overcome these two p...