There was an attempt to find an analytic expression3, however that paper contains an error in the application of the boundary conditions. More recently, Gelmont and Shur4, found an analytic expression for very thin substrates and presented the result of a more general numerical solution. They showed that the formula above was inaccurate for the range of the ratio of substrate thickness to conta...

This paper reports on a comparison of gold and gold–nickel alloys as contact materials for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches. Pure gold is commonly used as the contact material in low-force metal-contact MEMS switches. The top two failure mechanisms of these switches are wear and stiction, which may be related to the material softness and the relatively high surface adhesion, respe...

BACKGROUND Current public health efforts often use molecular technologies to identify and contain communicable disease networks, but not for HIV. Here, we investigate how molecular epidemiology can be used to identify highly related HIV networks within a population and how voluntary contact tracing of sexual partners can be used to selectively target these networks. METHODS We evaluated the u...

Using an atomic force microscope (AFM) at a controlled contact force, we report the electrical signal response of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) disposed on a golden thin film. In this investigation, we highlight first the theoretical calculation of the contact resistance between two types of conductive tips (metal-coated and doped diamond-coated), individual MWCNTs and golden substrate...

The current density-voltage (J-V) curve that characterises the performance of a solar cell is often rounded, resulting in reduced efficiency. When fitting to the standard one dimensional models, it is often found that the rounding cannot be fitted by the series resistance only. In these cases, the diode factor m or the depletion region saturation current density J0DR (depending on the model use...

Heat transfer through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a PEM fuel cell is a key process in the design and operation a PEM fuel cell. The analysis of this process requires determination of the effective thermal conductivity as well as the thermal contact resistance between the GDL and adjacent surfaces/layers. In the present study, a guarded-hot-plate apparatus has been designed and built to mea...

A two-dimensional, analytical, self-similar solution to the Alfvén wave phase mixing equations is presented for a coronal hole model. The solution shows clearly that the damping of the waves with height follows the scaling predicted by Heyvaerts & Priest 1983 at low heights, before switching to an algebraic decay at large heights. The ohmic dissipation is calculated and it is shown that the max...

One-third of the global population is believed to be infected with bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, the causative agent of tuberculosis. More than 8 million new cases of tuberculosis occur annually leading to 2 million deaths. Mortality is particularly high in those coinfected with HIV and where the bacteria are multiple-drug-resistant strains--ie, strains resistant to at lea...

In this paper we present a sensor, which is designed for application in a tonometer, an instrument for the measurement of intraocular pressure. The sensor measures diameter and position of a part of the eye globe that is flattened by the tonometer. The sensor principle is based on a change in resistance of four resistor arrays due to contact with a metallized foil, which flattens a part of the ...

We have studied the resistance of two-dimensional random percolating networks zero-width metallic nanowires (rings or sticks). toke into account nanowire per unit length, junction (nanowire/nanowire contact) resistance, and busbar/nanowire contact resistance. Using a mean-field approximation (MFA), we derived total nanoring-based as function their geometrical physical parameters. proposed way a...