We measured the pattern of charging by contact electrification, following contact between a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp and a glass substrate with gold electrodes. We used scanning Kelvin probe microscopy to map the surface potential at the same regions before and after contact, allowing a point-by-point comparison. After contact, the mean surface potential of the glass shifted by 360 mV ...

a thermophilic anaerobic contact reactor for the treatment of potato-processing wastewaterswas designed as a continuous-flow, completely-mixed homogeneous system. the reactor was operated at ten different organic loading rates ranging from 0.84 g cod/l·d to 7.00 g cod/l·d for a duration of approximately 250 days. the fundamental way to maintain optimum operating conditions of anaerobic digestio...

Contact problems of elasticity are used in many fields of science and engineering, especially in structural mechanics, geology and biomecanics. Many numerical procedures solving contact problems have been proposed in the engineering literature. They are based on standard discretization techniques for partial differential equations in combination with a special implementation of non-linear conta...

OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to analyse the effects of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) deficiency on forces of the posterolateral corner structure and on tibiofemoral (TF) and patellofemoral (PF) contact force under dynamic-loading conditions. METHODS A subject-specific knee model was validated using a passive flexion experiment, electromyography data, muscle activation, and ...

purpose: to determine the effect of using rigid gas permeable (rgp) contact lenses in improvement of involuntary eye movements and visual functions in hyperopic astigmatism patients with congenital nystagmus. methods: this prospective interventional case series study was conducted on patients with congenital nystagmus and hyperopia equal or more than +0.5 d and astigmatism more than -1 d, who w...

In the Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) process used for microelectronics manufacturing, three contact regimes between the wafer surface and the polishing pad may be proposed: direct contact, mixed or partial contact, and hydroplaning. An effective in-situ method for characterizing the wafer/pad contact and a systematic way of relating contact conditions to the process parameters are both la...

Degradation of gold contacts in micro-switches was studied under an extensive range of operation conditions including high-electric-field ac/dc hot switching, low-electric-field hot switching and cold switching. Tests were conducted in a unique experimental switching operation set-up. Gold micro-contacts were characterized by an atomic force microscope. It was found that a unique material trans...

We define contact fiber bundles and investigate conditions for the existence of contact structures on the total space of such a bundle. The results are analogous to minimal coupling in symplectic geometry. The two applications are construction of K-contact manifolds generalizing Yamazaki’s fiber join construction and a cross-section theorem for contact moment maps.