In the 2014 case Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, the US Supreme Court ruled that the contraceptive mandate promulgated under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act violated privately held, for-profit corporations? right to religious freedom. In 2012, the US Department of Health and Human Services [2] issued the contraception [3] mandate, which required that employerprovided health insurance pla...

In the 1962 case Planned Parenthood Committee of Phoenix v. Maricopa County, the Arizona Supreme Court ruled that Arizona Revised Statute 13-213, which banned the public advertising of contraceptive or abortion [3] medication or services, was constitutional. However, the court also ruled that that Arizona Revised Statute 13-213 did not apply to Planned Parenthood's distribution of contraceptive...

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Forbes v. Napolitano (2000) was a US court case that established that Arizona researchers could use fetal tissues from induced abortions for basic scientific research, for instance, as a source of stem cells [3]. The case challenged the constitutionality of the Arizona Revised Statute (ARS) 36-2303 in the Ninth Circuit US Court of Appeals, a law that banned researchers from using fetal tissues ...

After the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in March 2010 and the affirmation of its constitutionality by the Supreme Court in 2012, key decisions about the implementation of health care reform are now in the hands of states. But our understanding of these decisions is hampered by simplistic sortings of state directions into two or three simple, rigid categories. This ar...

In Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. American Telephone and Telegraph Company (1977), a federal appeals court upheld the constitutionality of race and genderconscious employment quotas in a much-publicized consent decree. Although no party had addressed whether affirmative action remedies that may be legal for minorities would necessarily also be legal for women, the court gave the iss...

This article will discuss emerging threats to major sporting events and suggest methods to defend fans and athletes through strengthening security systems and procedures. One problem with strengthening security systems, however, is that in many cases, increased security means less personal privacy. This article will briefly review security measures that have traditionally been in place, juxtapo...