This essay outlines the moral dilemma of funding orphan drug research and development. To date, ethical aspects of priority setting for research funding have not been an issue of discussion in the bioethics debate. Conflicting moral obligations of beneficence and distributive justice appear to demand very different levels of funding for orphan drug research. The two types of orphan disease, rar...

many previous studies used leader - member exchange to explain the quality relationship between employees and supervisors. however, in previous studies, the mechanism of this theory in creativity is not so clear. thus, this study defines the role of leaders in creating a culture of organizational learning using normative approach to examine the relationship between communication quality leader ...

There has recently been significant interest in feedback stabilization problems over communication channels, including several with bit rate limited feedback. Motivated by considering one source of such bit rate limits, we study the problem of stabilization over a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) constrained channel. We discuss both continuous and discrete time cases, and show that for either state ...