Fadl et al.1 describe a case–control study evaluating whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this differs for different subgroups women. One subgroup they looked at was weight status (normal or overweight). It concluded that GDM indeed useful marker CVD risk, the increase in indicated by higher women who are overw...

In observational studies, identification of ATEs is generally achieved by assuming that the correct set confounders has been measured and properly included in relevant models. Because this assumption both strong untestable, a sensitivity analysis should be performed. Common approaches include modeling bias directly or varying propensity scores to probe effects potential unmeasured confounder. a...