SETTING Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. OBJECTIVE To measure patient costs associated with diagnosis and the complete treatment of tuberculosis (TB). DESIGN Prospective structured interview of 100 new smear-positive adult patients being treated for TB in Tamil Nadu, India, selected evenly from 10 representative health facilities in the state. Direct (out-of-pocket) and indirect (lost-t...

The costs and effectiveness of asthma action plans for children were evaluated in a cross-sectional economic analysis. Direct health care and indirect costs, nights with symptoms, and asthma attacks were measured in 879 Ontario children with asthma. From a societal perspective, the total annual costs of the asthma action plan and the control groups were CDN$6,948 and CDN$6,140 per patient, resp...

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in Europe and North America. Colonoscopy done every 10 years beginning at age 50 is the preferred method of screening. In Poland and some other countries examinations are offered to subjects free of charge. However, as well as direct medical costs there are direct non-medical costs, which include the cost of transportation and costs relat...

Work-related injuries continue to be a major financial issue for employers, particularly in small construction firms across the United States. The financial burden of serious work-related injuries and illnesses impacts large and small firms alike, as do the hidden indirect costs that come with work-related injuries, such as lost work time, replacement workers, administrative costs, low morale, ...

Costs with dementia have been the focus of research around the world and indirect costs to the caregiver appear in the literature as responsible for the greatest impact. In Latin American (LA) studies, indirect costs with dementia range from 60% to 75% of family income. Objective To present preliminary results of the study "Description of the methods and cost analysis with dementia" currently...

Combination therapy for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis has increasingly been advocated as a way to increase treatment efficacy and tolerance, reduce treatment duration and cost, and limit the emergence of drug resistance. We reviewed the evidence and potential for combination therapy, and the criteria for the choice of drugs in such regimens. The first phase 2 results of combination re...

background: the phase change materials (pcms) have the appropriate properties for controlling heat strain. one of the well-known pcms is paraffin. this study aimed to design the cooling vest from the cheap commercial paraffin compound and evaluation of its effectiveness under laboratory hot conditions. methods: the cooling vest was made of the polyester fabric and it had 17 aluminum packs. the ...

just like any other process, vaccine manufacturing procedures are defined as a series of interrelated functions and activities using a variety of specified actions and equipment designed to produce a defined product. to assure the reproducibility and consistency of such processes, they must be carried out using validated equipment and under the established procedures that meet all the acceptanc...

Traditional EPI vaccines are considered to be among the most efficient uses of scarce health care resources. Today, there are many under-used and new vaccines available. In the short- to medium-term, these vaccines will not cost the few cents per dose the traditional vaccines do, but will be 'multi-dollar' vaccines. Decision-makers will need information, among other things, on their relative co...

BACKGROUND Cholera poses a substantial health burden to developing countries such as Bangladesh. In this study, the objective is to estimate the economic burden of cholera treatments incurred by households. The study was carried out in the context of a large vaccine trial in an urban area of Bangladesh. METHODS The study used a combination of prospective and retrospective incidence-based cost...