Baseball demands speed, power, and quickness. To perform at a high level, and avoid injuries that are common among baseball players, an evaluation of current trends in strength and conditioning practices is helpful. Based on the demands of the sport and the injury risks, qualified strength and conditioning professionals can develop effective baseball-specific conditioning programs. This comment...

We present a multi-parametric experimental investigation of laser conditioning efficiency and behavior in KDP and DKDP crystals as a function of laser wavelength, fluence, number of pulses, and conditioning protocol. Our results expose complex behaviors associated with damage initiation and conditioning at different wavelengths that provide a major step towards revealing the underlying physics....

Using the place conditioning paradigm (biased design), we have shown that five conditioning sessions with ethanol (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg i.p.) did not result in place conditioning response. In contrast, rats that received 20 injections of ethanol (0.5 g/kg) or saline, before the conditioning procedure, showed significant place preference to the compartment paired with 0.5 g/kg ethanol (but not 1.0 g/...

The present study explored fear acquisition in differential delay versus trace conditioning in regard to the potential role of the acquired contingency awareness. One of two neutral pictures (CS+) either coterminated with (delay group; n=32) or was followed by the aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) after CS offset (trace group; n=32), while startle blink and skin conductance responses (SCR) ...

In the context of fear conditioning, different psychophysiological measures have been related to different learning processes. Specifically, skin conductance responses (SCRs) have been related to cognitive expectancy learning, while fear potentiated startle (FPS) has been proposed to reflect affective learning that operates according to simple associative learning principles. On the basis of th...

We present two algorithms for exact and ap­ proximate inference in causal networks. The first algorithm, dynamic conditioning, is a re­ finement of cutset conditioning that has lin­ ear complexity on some networks for which cutset conditioning is exponential. The sec­ ond algorithm, B-conditioning, is an algo­ rithm for approximate inference that allows one to trade-off the quality of approxima...

INTRODUCTION Operant conditioning can gradually change the human soleus H-reflex. The protocol conditions the reflex near M-wave threshold. In this study we examine its impact on the reflexes at other stimulus strengths. METHODS H-reflex recruitment curves were obtained before and after a 24-session exposure to an up-conditioning (HRup) or a down-conditioning (HRdown) protocol and were compar...

This experiment compared the effects of unilateral lesions of the cerebellar nuclei and control lesions of the cerebellar cortex on alpha responses, alpha conditioning, and classical conditioning in the rabbit eyelid conditioning paradigm. Lesions of the dentate-interpositus (DI) region of the cerebellar nuclei abolished retention of conditioned responses to an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS...

The ontogeny of delay versus trace eyeblink conditioning was examined in 19-, 23-, and 30-day-old rat pups. Pairings of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and periocular shock unconditioned stimulus (US; 100-ms) were presented in one of three conditioning paradigms: standard delay [380-ms CS, 280-ms interstimulus interval (ISI)], trace (380-ms CS, 500-ms trace interval), or long-delay (980-ms CS,...

The authors present developmental evidence that contextual fear conditioning is supported by a short-term memory system that supports conditioning immediately after a shock and by a long-term memory system that supports contextual conditioning 24 hr after training. This is based on the finding that after 1 conditioning trial, rats 18 to 32 days old show the same amount of conditioned freezing w...