The condensation of free DNA into toroidal structures in the presence of multivalent ions and polypeptides is well known. Recent single molecule experiments have shown that condensation into toroids occurs even when the DNA molecule is subjected to tensile forces. Here we show that the combined tension and torsion of DNA in the presence of condensing agents dramatically modifies this picture by...

Three alternative condensing mode power and combined heat and power (CHP) waste-to-energy concepts were compared in terms of their impacts on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a heat and power generation system. The concepts included (i) grate, (ii) bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) and (iii) circulating fluidised bed (CFB) combustion of waste. The BFB and CFB take advantage of advanced combus...

The elaboration of enamel matrix glycoprotein was investigated in secretory ameloblasts of incisor teeth in 30-40-g rats. To this end, the distribution of glycoprotein was examined histochemically by the use of phosphotungstic acid at low pH, while the formation of glycoprotein was traced radioautographically in animals sacrificed 2.5-30 min after galactose-(3)H injection. Histochemically, the ...

Chalcone synthase (CHS) and stilbene synthase (STS) catalyse condensation reactions of p-coumaroyl-CoA and three C(2) units from malonyl-CoA up to a common tetraketide intermediate but then catalyse different cyclization reactions to produce naringenin chalcone and resveratrol respectively. On the basis of sequence alignment with other condensing enzymes including 3-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier prote...

Chromogranin B (CgB, secretogranin I) is a secretory granule matrix protein expressed in a wide variety of endocrine cells and neurons. Here we generated transgenic mice expressing CgB under the control of the human cytomegalovirus promoter. Northern and immunoblot analyses, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed that the exocrine pancreas was the tissue with the highest level o...

Genome packing in adenovirus has long evaded precise description, since the viral dsDNA molecule condensed by proteins (core) lacks icosahedral order characteristic of the virus protein coating (capsid). We show that useful insights regarding the organization of the core can be inferred from the analysis of spatial distributions of the DNA and condensing protein units (adenosomes). These were o...

This paper studies functional dependencies in Horn theories, both when the theory is represented by its clausal form and when it is de ned as the Horn envelope of a set of models. We provide polynomial algorithms for the recognition of whether a given functional dependency holds in a given Horn theory, as well as polynomial algorithms for the generation of some representative sets of functional...