The two equilibrium receptor organs (statocysts) of Nautilus are avoid sacks, half-filled with numerous small, free-moving statoconia and half with endolymph. The inner surface of each statocyst is lined with 130,000-150,000 primary sensory hair cells. The hair cells are of two morphological types. Type A hair cells carry 10-15 kinocilia arranged in a single ciliary row; they are present in the...

The mammalian orienting response to sounds consists of a gaze shift that can be a combination of head and eye movements. In animals with mobile pinnae, the ears also move. During head movements, vision is stabilized by compensatory rotations of the eyeball within the head because of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). While studying the gaze shifts made by cats to sounds, a previously uncharacte...

Animals are often not growing at the maximum rate, but can compensate for a bad start of life by subsequently increasing growth rate. While this compensatory is widespread, its direct fitness consequences seldom investigated and genetic basis unknown. We regulation, as well lifespan in response to temperature, using C. elegans knockout thermo-sensitive TRP ion channel TRPA-1, involved temperatu...

Resistance and tolerance are two ways that plants cope with herbivory. Tolerance, the ability of a plant to regrow or reproduce after being consumed, has been studied less than resistance, but this trait varies widely among species and has considerable potential to affect the ecology of plant species. One particular aspect of tolerance, compensatory responses, can evolve rapidly in plant specie...

Surgical removal of body fat (lipectomy) triggers compensatory increases in nonexcised white adipose tissue (WAT), thus restoring adiposity levels in many species, including Siberian hamsters. In Siberian hamsters, when their lipectomized WAT is transplanted to another site (autologous grafts, no net change in body fat), healthy grafts result, but the lipectomy-induced compensatory increases in...

This paper describes compensatory articulatory behavior in response to an unexpected perturbation of the oral cavity. A mechanical device was used to change dynamically the thickness of an artificial palate; the thickness of the un-inflated artificial palate was increased or the thickness of the already inflated artificial palate was decreased. The palatal perturbations were introduced under co...

Adaptive β-cell replication occurs in response to increased metabolic demand during insulin resistance. The intracellular mediators of this compensatory response are poorly defined and their identification could provide significant targets for β-cell regeneration therapies. Here we show that glucose and insulin in vitro and insulin resistance in vivo activate protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) in pancre...

this study investigated iranian english language learners’ use of circumlocution for culture-specific referents. a discourse completion test (dct) was designed in english and persian, consisting of items dealing with iranian culture-specific notions and distributed among 3 groups. the persian language group received the persian version, whereas the english language learners, divided into high a...

the effect of starvation and re-feeding was investigated on growth, hematology and biochemical parameters in juvenile persian sturgeon (acipenser persicus). three hundred and seventyfive fish (108±0.63 g) were divided into five feeding groups. the control group (c) was fed to satiation three times a day during the experiment. the four groups were starved for 1 (w1), 2 (w2), 3 (w3), and 4 (w4) w...

Non-lethal stress treatments (X-radiation or heat shock) administered to Drosophila imaginal discs induce massive apoptosis, which may eliminate more that 50% of the cells. Yet the discs are able to recover to form final structures of normal size and pattern. Thus, the surviving cells have to undergo additional proliferation to compensate for the cell loss. The finding that apoptotic cells ecto...