It is argued that the vector space measures used to measure closeness of prices and labour values are invalid because of the observed metric of commodity space. An alternative vector space within which such measures do apply is proposed. It is shown that commodity exchange can be modeled by the application of unitary operators to this space. In the recent literature relating to measuring the cl...

This paper offers an alternative to the conventional explanation of the 2007-08 food price crisis in terms of escalating demand or dwindling supply. Instead, its focus is on the legalinstitutional structure of commodity futures markets, which has witnessed a drastic alteration in the role of speculators. These have transformed from “market makers” (that keep commodity futures markets liquid by ...

We address the one-to-one multi-commodity pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem (m-PDTSP) which is a generalization of the TSP and arises in several transportation and logistics applications. The objective is to find a minimum-cost directed Hamiltonian path which starts and ends at given depot nodes and such that the demand of each given commodity is transported from the associated sou...

this study aims to estimate the function of copper consumption using the johansen approach in time series data, between 1991-2011 in iran. the literature review of specialized consumption and demand functions shows factors influencing the consumption of copper including copper price variables, aluminum price as a substitute commodity, oil price as a complementary commodity, and industrializatio...

futures contract is one of the most important derivatives that is used in financial markets in all over the world to buy or sell an asset or commodity in the future. pricing of this tool depends on expected price of asset or commodity at the maturity date. according to this, theoretical futures pricing models try to find this expected price in order to use in the futures contract. so in this ar...

in the present study, competitiveness of iranian pistachio exports and competitor countries in  the world market are studied. pistachio export advantage using indices of revealed comparative advantage (rca) approach and vector error correction model(vecm) based on  agricultural and non-petroleum export commodity basket were investigated separately. the results showed that iran has a comparative...

abstract comparative advantage is an economic term which is used to compare potential and actual production capacity of a country in a given commodity with the rest of the world. therefore, researches in this field could have a dual approach. in one hand it could demonstrate country’s production capacity in the production of commodities that are not produced yet and in the other hand it can ill...

Rather than using special-purpose hardware routers, software routers enable routing on commodity platforms. However, even with faster processors and multi-core platforms, the performance of software routers on commodity platforms today does not scale with high speed. We identify the limitations of commodity platforms by comparing them to high-end routers. In high end routers, each line card has...

Empiricaf models of commodity prices are potentially important aids to decision-makers, especially as the economy has grown more complex. A typicrd time series of commodity prices exhibks positive autocorrelation, occasional spikes, and random variability, and conceptual models have been developed to explain this behavior. But, the leap from theory to empirical applications is large because of ...

In this chapter, we consider the role of commodity off-the-shelf software technologies and components in the construction of computational grids. We take the position that computational grids can and should build on emerging commodity network computing technologies, such as the CORBA, COM, JavaBeans, and less sophisticated Web and networked approaches. These technologies are being used to const...