THE DESIRE to maintain, reinforce or restore health, has everywhere followed initially two distinct trends-that of instinctive or empirical medicine, and that of magic or sacerdotal medicine. The fusion of these two accidental at first, then systematic and by intent-had as a happy and paradoxical consequence the progressive laicization of the profession; a preliminary condition necessary to its...

BACKGROUND Due to its diverse geographical and habitat conditions, northern Pakistan harbors a wealth of medicinal plants. The plants and their traditional use are part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region. This study was carried out to document which medicinal plant species and which plant parts are used in the region of Swat, which syndrome categories are particularly concerned,...

BACKGROUND Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is used in folk medicine, for example as an antiedematogenic agent. We aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of saffron extracts in mice. RESULTS We used aqueous and ethanolic maceration extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petals. Antinociceptive activity was examined using the hot plate and writhing tests. The effect ...

The site-specific management of weeds in grassland is often challenging because different weed control strategies have trade-offs regarding the required resources and treatment efficiency. So, question arises whether a wide tractor-based system with section or small agricultural robot has higher performance for given infestation scenario. For example, autonomous moving from one to next might mu...

A study of the plants, and their associated poisons, in Poison Garden at The Alnwick was undertaken across a calendar year. By selecting 25 plants Garden, we have been able to develop single chromatographic method for determination quantification 15 plant toxins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Chromatographic separation achieved on C18 column (3.5 µm, 100 × 4.6 mm) with grad...

Based on the analysis of more than 17,000 vegetation plots (relevés), participation 261 protected species (254 vascular plants, six lichens, and one bryophyte) in 30 EUNIS grassland habitat types was revealed. Vegetation were assigned to using EUNIS-ESy expert system with further verification. We consider as those listed current edition Red Data Book Ukraine, Resolution 6 Bern Convention, Annex...

OBJECTIVES Saffron is the stigma of Crocus sativus L., which has the potentials to play a role in the treatment of many diseases. Although many researches are now going on this precious spice, there are few data on saffron safety in human, especially in patients with chronic mental illnesses. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term safety and tolerability of both saffron and crocin (its maj...

The precise segregation of replicated chromosomes to daughter cells during mitosis depends on the formation of a bipolar spindle composed primarily of microtubules (MTs). Since MTs are highly dynamic structures whose spatial organization is critical for proper spindle function, physical and chemical agents that interfere with MT behavior invariably disrupt mitosis. Perhaps the most notable of t...