post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) is the one of the main disorders arising from disastrous experiences. road accidents are common reasons for mental disorders which are associated with trauma. with regard to the prevalence and effects of ptsd, treatment of these disorders is very important. the aim of the present study is to determine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing...

The etiology of cognitive impairment in older adults is almost always a clinical diagnosis without definitive biomarkers. The clinical evaluation, therefore, is indispensable. Evaluating cognitive symptoms requires a deliberate approach to define the onset, course, and nature of symptoms. An informant who knows the patient well is essential. The physician must have a working knowledge of the ba...

M e t h o d s Data sources: Cochrane Central Trial Registry (containing MEDLINE and EMBASE/ Excerpta Medica citations to 1998) (to 2003), MEDLINE (1998 to 2003 wk 4), EMBASE/ Excerpta Medica (1998 to 2003 wk 5), AMED (1985 to February 2003), CINAHL (1982 to February 2003), Ageline (1978 to December 2002), and PsycINFO (1967 to December 2003); and references of retrieved articles. Study selectio...

OBJECTIVE Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) may be the first manifestation of an underlying neurocognitive disorder. We undertook a review to provide an update on the epidemiology and etiological mechanisms of NPS that occur in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and just before the onset of MCI. We discuss common clinical presentations and the implications for diagnosis and care. METHOD The author...

OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that presepsis depressive symptoms are associated with risk of new cognitive impairment in survivors of severe sepsis. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Population-based cohort of older U.S. adults interviewed as part of the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2006). PARTICIPANTS Four hundred forty-seven individuals with normal presepsis...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular disorders that increase risk for stroke may be accompanied by decrements in cognitive functioning and by stroke symptoms in the absence of diagnosed stroke or transient ischemic attack. This study evaluates relationships among cognitive status, stroke symptom reports, and cardiovascular and behavioral factors. METHODS REasons for Geographic and Racial Differenc...

BACKGROUND Cross-sectional surveys of older people commonly find associations between higher levels of depressive symptoms and poorer cognitive performance, but the direction of effect is unclear. We examined whether there was a bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and general cognitive ability in non-demented older people, and explored the role of physical health, smoking, ex...

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are core features of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. On one hand, behavioral symptoms in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can indicate an increased risk of progressing to dementia. On the other hand, mild behavioral impairment (MBI) in patients who usually have normal cognition indicates an increased risk of developing dementia. Whatever t...

BACKGROUND There are considerable phenotypic and neuroimmune overlaps between myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). While the precise aetiologies of both MS and ME/CFS are unclear, evidence suggests that deterioration in cognitive function is widely prevalent in patients with either condition. Little is known about differing risk factors or exp...