Very long chain lipids contribute to the hydrophobic cuticle on the surface of all land plants and are an essential component of the extracellular pollen coat in the Brassicaceae. Mutations in Arabidopsis CER genes eliminate very long chain lipids from the cuticle surface and, in some cases, from the pollen coat. In Arabidopsis, the loss of pollen coat lipids can disrupt interactions with the s...

Coat-color proportions and patterns in mice are used as assays for many processes such as transgene expression, chimerism, and epigenetics. In many studies, coat-color readouts are estimated from subjective scoring of individual mice. Here we show a method by which mouse coat color is quantified as the proportion of coat shown in one or more digital images. We use the yellow-agouti mouse model ...

BACKGROUND Over two decades of observations in the field in South East Asia and Hawai'i suggest that majority of the commercial dairy herds are of black hair coat. Hence a simple study to determine the accuracy of the observation was conducted with two large dairy herds in Hawaii in the mid-1990s. METHODS A retrospective study on longevity of Holstein cattle in the tropics was conducted using...

The aim of this study was to develop a multilayer (core/coat) dosage form via co-extrusion, the core providing sustained drug release and the coat immediate drug release. In this study polymers were selected which can be combined in a co-extruded dosage form. Several thermoplastic polymers were hot-melt extruded and evaluated for processability and macroscopic properties (surface smoothness, di...

Actin is involved in endocytosis in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. In activated Xenopus eggs, exocytosing cortical granules (CGs) are surrounded by actin "coats," which compress the exocytosing compartments, resulting in compensatory endocytosis. Here, we examined the roles of two myosins in actin coat compression. Myosin-2 is recruited to exocytosing CGs late in coat compression. Inh...

Seed formation is a pivotal process in plant reproduction and dispersal. It begins with megagametophyte development in the ovule, followed by fertilization and subsequently coordinated development of embryo, endosperm, and maternal seed coat. Two closely related MADS-box genes, SHATTERPROOF 1 and 2 (SHP1 and SHP2) are involved in specifying ovule integument identity in Arabidopsis thaliana. The...

Coat and body mass status provide a potential noninvasive way to assess primate health status as well as the effects of seasonality, resource use and reproductive state. Coat and body condition were scored visually for 36 wild Lemur catta at the Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, from July 2012 to March 2013. Coat quality generally increased during the wet season when resource availabil...

Coat protein I (COPI)-coated transport vesicles mediate protein and lipid transport in the early secretory pathway. The basic machinery required for the formation of these transport intermediates has been elucidated based on the reconstitution of COPI-coated vesicle formation from chemically defined liposomes. In this experimental system, the coat components coatomer and GTP-bound ADP-ribosylat...

To break dormancy and increase the germination of Prunus avium L. (mazzard cherry) seeds, various methods were tested including the removal of the seed coat after cold moist stratification and treatment with GA3, KNO3, or thiourea. Treatments with 7,500 ppm KNO3 after 120 days of stratification were more effective, yielding 64.54% germination of seeds with coat. In seeds without coat, 500 ppm G...

the broad goal of this research was to examine the nature of the melanocortin receptor 1 (mc1r) locus on the coat color phenotype of seven goat breeds with different color coat. blood samples were collected from five iranian indigenous (khalkhal, markhor, naeini, najdi and tali) and two exotic (cashmere and saanen) goat breeds. polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism ...