The cultivation and processing of grain is probably one of the most important technological achievements on humanity‘s path to modern civilization. 10,000 years ago, the first grains were already being cultivated in the Middle East, leading to the development of the first advanced civilizations. Today, various types of grains have become staples worldwide and thus essential to the basic livelih...

on the ruins caused by the mongols’ invasions, a dynamic centre of civilization was built by the outstanding scholar, famous mathematician and astronomer and praiseworthy jurisprudent and theologian, khw?jeh nasir al-din t?si. the characteristic features of this man of knowledge prompted the establishment of this centre of civilization. the shining section of this centre was the observatory of ...

The paper presents a reflection on the role of technology and, in particular, information technology in the era of knowledge civilization. Diverse perceptions of this era, the concepts of three civilization eras versus three waves, of a cultural platform versus an episteme of a civilization era, of a big change at the end of industrial civilization era are outlined. The first principle of cultu...

Context. The Cluster Lensing And Supernovae survey with Hubble (CLASH) is Hubble Space Telescope (HST) MultiCycle Treasury programme that observes 25 massive galaxy clusters, 20 of which were X-ray-selected to preferably choose dynamically relaxed clusters and 5 additional “high magnification” clusters which were selected based on their optical lensing properties. CLASH aims to study the dark m...