3 This paper introduces an idealized general circulation model (GCM) in which water vapor 4 and clouds are tracked as tracers, but are not allowed to affect circulation either through 5 latent heat release or cloud radiative effects. The cloud scheme includes an explicit treatment 6 of cloud microphysics and diagnoses cloud fraction from a prescribed sub-grid distribution 7 of total water. The ...

Consider a model of particles(nucleons) which has a two-body interaction which leads to bound composites with saturation properties. These properties are : all composites have the same density and the ground state energies of composites with k nucleons are given by −kW + σk 2/3 where W and σ are positive constants. W represents a volume term and σ a surface tension term. These values are taken ...

The interest in using the pseudoelastic properties of NiTi wires in orthodontic practice arises chiefly from the expectation that they can afford low continuous forces at constant temperature. The reversion force developed by NiTi archwires depends, however, upon temperature since the superelastic force follows a Clausius-Clapeyron like equation. Actually the oral environment temperature is mod...

A lower mantle S-wave triplication with a S cd branch occurring between S and ScS has been recognized for many years with a variety of explanations. It is particularly strong when sampling regions beneath the circum-Pacific lower mantle fast velocity belt seen in global tomographic models where it has been modeled with a 2-3% jump in S-velocity. General properties are; (1) it tends to arrive ea...

The equations of state for solid (with bcc, fcc, and hcp structures) and liquid phases of Fe were defined via simultaneous optimization of the heat capacity, bulk moduli, thermal expansion, and volume at room and higher temperatures. The calculated triple points at the phase diagram have the following parameters: bcc-fcc-hcp is located at 7.3 GPa and 820 K, bcc-fcc-liquid at 5.2 GPa and 1998 K,...

[1] The MOZAIC (Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-service Aircraft) program (Marenco et al., 1998) has archived in situ measurements of temperature, water vapor, and ozone from August 1994 to December 2003. We analyze the trends, seasonality, and interannual variability of these quantities at aircraft cruise levels (7.7–11.3 km) within the tropics (20 S–20 N). Mean lapse rates f...

[1] Using a numerical model we explore the consequences of the intrinsic density change (Dr/r 2–4%) caused by the Fe spin transition in ferropericlase on the style and vigor of mantle convection. The effective Clapeyron slope of the transition from high to low spin is strongly positive in pressure-temperature space and broadens with high temperature. This introduces a net spin-state driving den...

The investigation of the phase behavior of substances has been a central subject in equilibrium thermodynamics due to the dramatic changes that take place in the macroscopic properties of substances during phase transitions [1]. Computer simulation has been an important tool to understand and predict the phase behavior of substances [2]. In most cases, computational studies can rely on classica...

Chemical programming of the temperature domains of existence of liquid crystals is greatly desired by both academic workers and industrial partners. This contribution proposes to combine empirical approaches, which rely on systematic chemical substitutions of mesogenic molecules followed by thermal characterizations, with a rational thermodynamic assessment of the effects induced by chemical pe...

This work investigates interface kinetics during nanosecond pulsed excimer ablation of a metal. During laser heating, the surface can reach a temperature higher than the normal boiling point, resulting in a superheated, metastable state. Phase explosion occurs as the temperature approaches the thermodynamic critical point, which turns the melt into a mixture of liquid and vapor. However, for ph...