The general purpose of this article is to evaluate the contribution made by researchers Institute Philosophy in understanding historical sense civilizations. au­thor scrutinizes works Piama P. Gaidenko, Alexander S. Panarin, Boris A. Grushin, Akhiezer. It stated that practical outcomes civilizational development are not obligatory universal and could be expressed through various forms as a resp...

Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain the physiological basis of pain, although none yet completely accounts for all aspects of pain perception. Here, we provide a historical overview of the major contributions, ideas, and competing theories of pain from ancient civilizations to Melzack and Wall's Gate Control Theory of Pain.