Travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a combinatorial optimization problem. It is NP hard problem and TSP is the most intensively studied problem in the area of optimization. There are a number of approximation algorithms and heuristics proposed in the literature which can yield to good solutions. But with the increase in the number of cities, the complexity of the problem goes on increasing. Th...

We analysed an 11-year dataset (1998-2009) of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) that was based on surveillance of ∽23% of Israel's population. We examined whether the level of synchrony of ILI epidemics in Israel's 12 largest cities is high enough to view Israel as a single epidemiological unit. Two methods were developed to assess the synchrony: (1) City-specific attack rates were fitted to a simpl...

The cities of the world are often regarded as hubs of wealth and privilege, but they are also home to hundreds of millions of children for whom poverty and exclusion are a daily reality. Some of these children live on the street; many more live in dangerous, insanitary housing which often lacks the most basic amenities, including clean water and satisfactory sanitation. These urban children rar...

during a very long period of time, civil engineers have been the only ones to be designated as the experts for underground space, while the planners and architects were the ones of the development at the surface. cities worldwide tend to overlook an invaluable asset that lies beneath their surfaces. most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer, bo...

―Make cities more sustainable‖ is an omnipresent slogan in architecture and urban planning. This article is a discussion on theoretical and practical boundaries of using the expression ―sustainability‖ with respect to the scientific community, therefore avoiding sustainability becoming a euphemism for ―doing good‖. By definition, it can be concluded, cities developed as counterparts to the hint...

In the light of ongoing global urbanization and the high pace of resource consumption, there is an urgent need to foster compact cities. Currently, however, we lack integrative guidelines on how to manage trade-offs between urban densification and the provision of green space. Against this background, this study applies the concepts of green infrastructure and ecosystem services to develop a gu...

The main aim of this paper is to offer a constructive critique of the dominant (indeed hegemonic) global city/world city discourse. This is a discourse that is overly dependent upon a theoretically globalist perspective derived out of limited empirical studies. Moreover, this is a discourse that focuses relatively too much upon (a) the characteristics of global/world cities and (b) the processe...

Urbanization and densification are two noticeable trends that imposes many challenges for urban planners. Fast growing cities comes with the need for incorporating publicly accessible green spaces to ensure public health and for creating an attractive city. Urban regeneration provides the possibilities of restructuring the urban environment according to desired needs. Helsingborg municipality d...