BACKGROUND Hypokalaemic nephropathy has been described in patients with chronic potassium depletion; it is a condition in which proximal tubular vacuolization and interstitial fibrosis occur, resulting in a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and, in some cases, renal failure. It has been described in patients with chronic diarrhoea, eating disorders, laxative abuse and primary hyperald...

Studies suggest that surveillance or protocol biopsies that are performed during the first year after kidney transplantation may be clinically useful in identifying early acute rejection or chronic allograft nephropathy at a point when they may be amenable to treatment. Although the benefit of this approach has yet to be evaluated in large, multicenter, prospective trials, numerous studies sugg...

OBJECTIVES Immunoglobulin A nephropathy is the most common cause of chronic renal failure among primary glomerulonephritis patients. The ability to diagnose immunoglobulin A nephropathy remains poor. However, renal biopsy is an inconvenient, invasive, and painful examination, and no reliable biomarkers have been developed for use in routine patient evaluations. The aims of the present study wer...

Diabetes is the most common cause of CKD (chronic kidney disease). also one important diabetic complication. SGLT2 (sodium glucose co‐transporter‐2) inhibitors are new class medication used to lower high blood level in people with type 2 diabetes. In researches demonstrated a significant and clinically relevant reduction risks albuminuria progression nephropathy, doubling serum creatinine level...

Vitamin D has a number of roles in various body systems with receptors scattered many organs,1,2 showing link between vitamin and several chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes autoimmune disease.3,4 Several studies have shown the role type 2 controlling blood sugar levels HbA1c levels. plays increasing insulin sensitivity secretion suppressing inflammation diabetes. protective complications...

Studies suggest that surveillance or protocol biopsies that are performed during the first year after kidney transplantation may be clinically useful in identifying early acute rejection or chronic allograft nephropathy at a point when they may be amenable to treatment. Although the benefit of this approach has yet to be evaluated in large, multicenter, prospective trials, numerous studies sugg...