Our paper sheds light on the reasons for which a rational venture capitalist decides to reallocate his or her portfolio from later to early-stage investment. We explain why, during certain periods, there is a strong correlation between the performance of financial markets and the funds invested in early-stage ventures while, during other periods, the performance of financial markets does not af...

Some empirically minded philosophers of science argue that the evidence should choose the best theory from among theoretical rivals. However, the evidence may not speak clearly, a problem of ‘underdetermination of theory by data’. We examine this problem in a concrete setting, rival theories of smoking behaviour. We investigate whether several uncontested pieces of empirical evidence allow us t...

Thus far in the search for, and classification of, 'physical' modular invariant partition functions N LR χ L χ * R the attention has been focused on the symmetric case where the holomorphic and anti-holomorphic sectors, and hence the characters χ L and χ R , are associated with the same Kac-Moody algebrasˆg L = ˆ g R and levels k L = k R. In this paper we consider the more general possibility w...

Game and decision theory start from rather strong premises. Preferences, represented by utilities, beliefs represented by probabilities, common knowledge and symmetric rationality as background assumptions are treated as “given.” A richer language enabling us to capture the process leading to what is “given” seems superior to the stenography of decision making in terms of utility cum probabilit...

by political choice, people achieve the official positions in political system. woman's political participation is one of the most important subjects that has been take attention of scientists and devoted much of sociopolitical topics. parliament provides suitable ground in order to woman's political participation. in this article, by using descriptive and analytical method, the barri...

Philosopher: What I would like to understand better is how game theory can help us to understand rational choice, and how this is related to logic. Philosophy has a long-standing interest in rational behavior. The hallmark of rationality is always taken to be the “good reasons for acting” that rational people can give. But game theory seems more concerned with what people actually do than in th...

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The economic theory of the consumer is a combination of positive and normative theories. Since it is based on a rational maximizing model it describes how consumers should choose, but it is alleged to also describe how they do choose. This paper argues that in certain well-defined situations many consumers act in a manner that is inconsistent with economic theory. In these situations economic t...