Chlorine is extensively used to disinfect drinking water supply. However, the design of chlorine contact tank is usually based on the volume displacement criterion, paying attention that detention time would be at least of half an hour. This criterion relies upon the assumption that plug-flow conditions hold along the tank. However, the existence and arrangement of baffles in the tank, and the ...

A methodology to i) assess the feasibility of water disinfection in fresh-cut leafy greens wash water and ii) to compare the disinfectant efficiency of water disinfectants was defined and applied for a combination of peracetic acid (PAA) and lactic acid (LA) and comparison with free chlorine was made. Standardized process water, a watery suspension of iceberg lettuce, was used for the experimen...

egionnaires’ disease is caused by Legionella bacteria, which colonize 12–70% of hospital water systems (Lin et al, 1998b). Of the Legionnaires’ disease cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 25–45% were hospital-acquired (Benin et al, 2002). Legionella and other opportunistic pathogens colonize water systems; cause pneumonia, wound, and bloodstream infections in...

AIM: To monitor chlorine consumption from nonagitated aqueous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions in human root canals using a recently developed assay, which can determine the order of magnitude of available chlorine in small volumes of liquid. METHODOLOGY: The root canals of 80 extracted single-rooted human teeth were instrumented to ProTaper Universal F4 and irrigated using 1% NaOCl. Subse...

wastewater of hospitals can cause many risks to public health due to having a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, pharmaceutical substances, and other hazardous toxic substances. the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical quality of effluents from wastewater treatment plant of falsafi hospital and hakim jorjani hospital in gorgan, iran, and to compare them technically and economically...

background: the chemical quality of water used for dialysis fluid is a vital factor in the overall care received by dialysis patients. therefore, water used for this purpose should be treated with advanced methods before use for dialysis. the objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of reverse osmosis systems to improve water quality used for dialysis fluid. methods: in this descrip...

Ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine processes are emerging advanced oxidation (AOPs) for micropollutant abatement. When excessive chlorine (Cl/N mass ratio of >7.6) is applied to ammonia-containing water yield free residual the UV/free AOP, AOP becomes UV/breakpoint chlorination. This study investigated degradation by and radical yields from chlorination under various conditions using benzoic acid (BA) n...

Chlorine demand as a disinfectant for water utility impacts on unintended energy consumption from electrolysis manufacture; thus, diminishing the chlorine also reduces environmental impact and consumption. Problems of distribution uniformity in Water Distribution Networks (WDN) are associated with exponential urban growth physical biochemical difficulties within network. This study optimizes Bo...