OBJECTIVES We examined whether state laws and district policies pertaining to nutritional restrictions on school fundraisers were associated with school policies as reported by administrators in a nationally-representative sample of United States public elementary schools. METHODS We gathered data on school-level fundraising policies via a mail-back survey during the 2009-10 and 2010-11 schoo...

Background The impact of reorganisation on health services delivery is a recurring issue in every healthcare system. In 2005 Vietnam reorganised the delivery of health services at the district level by splitting preventive, curative, and administrative roles. This qualitative study explored how these reforms impacted on the organisation of maternal health service delivery at district and commun...

Background: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among hazardous chemicals that may endanger food safety. In Nigeria, hides and skins of animals are edible and used in dishes. So, this study investigated the levels of PAHs in singed and unsinged hides and skins of animals slaughtered at three districts abattoirs (Obosi, Uga, and Kwata) in Anambra State, Nigeria. Methods: Using gas chrom...

In Britain, the nurse provided by the National Health Service to attend patients in their homes is always the "district nurse", despite other and later descriptions of her work as "home" or "community" nursing.' The popular usage not only betrays district nursing's philanthropic origins as a service organized on the district basis typical of Victorian visiting charities,2 but also testifies to ...

ABOUT THIS POLICY: AmeriHealth Caritas District of Columbia has developed clinical policies to assist with making coverage determinations. AmeriHealth Caritas District of Columbia’s clinical policies are based on guidelines from established industry sources, such as the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), state regulatory agencies, the American Medical Association (AMA), medical spe...

This work aims at investigating the supply and demand of the medium-complexity services from the Federal District and surrounding municipalities from the state of Goiás. Our hypothesis is that the services organization offer of primary care (PC) from the Federal District (DF) and its surroundings overloads the medium-complexity services (MC), contributing to less equity in terms of communities ...

Systemic immunodeficiency is known to facilitate the onset of opportunistic infections, tumours and immune disorders in any district of the body. There are clinical events, such as chronic lymphoedema, herpetic infections, vaccinations and heterogeneous physical injuries which can selectively damage and immunologically mark the cutaneous district they act upon. After the causing event has disap...

BACKGROUND We compared age-standardized prevalence of cigarette smoking and their income gaps at the district-level in Korea using the National Health Screening Database (NHSD) and the Community Health Survey (CHS). METHODS Between 2009 and 2014, 39,049,485 subjects participating in the NHSD and 989,292 participants in the CHS were analyzed. The age-standardized prevalence of smoking and thei...

INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the impact of home-based management of malaria (HBM) strategy on time to treatment and reported presumed malaria morbidity in children aged less than 5 years in Rwanda. METHODS The study was carried out in two malaria-endemic rural districts, one where HBM was applied and the other serving as control. In each district, a sample of mothers was surveyed...

While the Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) at the national level in Malawi is integrated, separate health information subsystems operate independently at the district level. For instance computerized Information Systems, such as District Health Information System that stores health data and Drug Logistics Management Information System that stores drug logistics data, operate as sepa...