Background Cryptorchidism is defined the failure of one testis or both testes to permanently descend. It is considered as the most common congenital abnormalities. The risk of testicular cancer in men with a history of cryptorchidism increased from three fold to four fold, compared to those without history of cryptorchidism. We aimed to investigate prevalence and pathological features of crypto...

BACKGROUND Psoas abscess is a rare condition consisting of pyomyositis of the psoas. The worldwide incidence was 12 cases per 100,000 per year in 1992, but the current incidence is unknown. Psoas abscess can descend along the psoas sheath and reach the inner upper third of the thigh, but only infrequently does it penetrate the sheath and involve the thigh adductors. Because of insidious clinica...

Most research into medical communication has had a western setting. It has been undertaken by western researchers and been influential in shaping communication skills curricula. However we know much less about what communication is effective under other circumstances. This article highlights gaps in our knowledge from research in this field, and poses attendant questions for debate by medical e...

This paper presents a vision-based docking algorithm for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The algorithm allows the AUV to egress through a melthole in the frozen surface of a lake after the AUV’s dead-reckoning system brings the vehicle in the vicinity of the melthole. A blinking light source is used to guide the robot towards the melthole and through it. A light detection and tracking a...

This paper presents the experimental validation and field testing of a novel hybrid mobile robot (HMR) system using a complete physical prototype. The mobile robot system consists of a hybrid mechanism whereby the locomotion platform and manipulator arm are designed as one entity to support both locomotion and manipulation symbiotically and interchangeably. The mechanical design is briefly desc...

From March 1990 to May 1993,309 patients underwent redo cardiac surgery operation at the Shahid Rajai Heart Hospital in Tehran. Early mortality rates in these patients showed a significant increase in comparison to patients undergoing open heart surgery for the first time. Late mortality (at least one month after surgery) in the patients was slightly increased also but less than early morta...

We describe and contrast two distinct problem areas for statistical causality: studying the likely effects of an intervention (effects causes) whether there is a causal link between observed exposure outcome in individual case (causes effects). For each these, we introduce compare various formal frameworks that have been proposed purpose, including decision-theoretic approach, structural equati...