Quaternary ammonium geminal Brønsted acid ionic liquids (GBAILs) based on zwitterionic 1,2-bis[N-methyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-alkylammonium]ethane (where the carbon number of the alkyl chain is 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate were synthesized. The catalytic ionic liquids were applied in three-component Mannich reactions with an aldehyde, ketone, and amine at 25 °...

Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets were investigated for developing effective Pt catalyst supports for selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol in water. The nanosheets with an average thickness of about 3 nm were synthesized by a simple and green method through thermal oxidation etching of bulk g-C3N4 in air. Combined with the unique feature of nitrogen richness and locally con...

Abstract: Solid acid (heterogeneous) catalysts have a unique advantage in esterifi cation and transesterifi cation reactions which enhances the use of high acid value oil to be used as feedstock for synthesis of biodiesel. Various solid acid catalysts such as resins, tungstated and sulfated zirconia, polyaniline sulfate, heteropolyacid, metal complexes, sulfated tin oxide, zeolite, acidic ionic...

In this study, Functionalized chitosan with amine groups was synthesized and coated on the surface of carbon black. The hybrid amino functionalized chitosan-carbon support was employed as an efficient, environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification reaction of canola oil and methanol. It was observed that this hybrid was more active than parent polymer at the reaction...

Abstract The valorization of biogas as a renewable energy source faces major obstacle regarding its purification. Siloxane is one the impurities that cause problems such damages to equipment combustion engines, turbines, and boilers used for conversion heat electricity. In this review, adsorption siloxane removal widely discussed, with two specific approaches: adsorbents sensitivity water regen...

In the present study, Choline hydroxide (ChOH) as an ionic liquid catalyst was used for transesterification of soybean oil into biodiesel in a microchannel reactor. The effects of three variables i.e. reaction temperature, catalyst dosage and total flow rate on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content (wt. %) were optimized using Box–Behnken experimental design. In order to predict the FAME conte...

In recent years, governmental health agencies are highly concerned about the toxic emissions from diesel engines. Among fuel alternatives, biodiesel has the highest potential. Biodiesel has similar properties as diesel and could be directly utilized for diesel engines. The main advantages of biodiesel are that it could be used without modification, it is renewable, non-toxic, environment-friend...

This paper proposes a classification method of commonality and variability for identified services from feature models, since features can express the properties of services. The service is identified by feature organizing, considering the selective and relational attributes of features. Identified services are classified the commonality and variability of services; this involves analyzing the ...

Two copper(I)–NHC complexes bearing an azide group were reacted with alkyne-decorated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles without the use of external copper source. In case least sterically congested complex, resulting displayed a catalytic activity in copper-catalyzed alkyne cycloaddition and some reusability highlighting covalent grafting molecular catalyst by this mild simple strategy.