Marine macroalgae (green, red and brown macroalgae) have attracted attention as an alternative source of renewable biomass for producing both fuels and chemicals due to their high content of suitable carbohydrates and to their advantages over terrestrial biomass. However, except for green macroalgae, which contain relatively easily-fermentable glucans as their major carbohydrates, practical uti...

Acquisition and metabolism of carbohydrates are essential for host colonization and pathogenesis of bacterial pathogens. Different bacteria can uptake different lines of carbohydrates via ABC transporters, in which ATPase subunits energize the transport though ATP hydrolysis. Some ABC transporters possess their own ATPases, while some share a common ATPase. Here we identified MsmK, an ATPase fr...

Self-control is critical for achievement and well-being. However, people's capacity for self-control is limited and becomes depleted through use. One prominent explanation for this depletion posits that self-control consumes energy through carbohydrate metabolization, which further suggests that ingesting carbohydrates improves self-control. Some evidence has supported this energy model, but be...

Techniques of using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with on-line light-scattering, uv absorbance, and refractive index detectors to characterize the polypeptide molecular weights of simple proteins or glycoproteins or to determine the stoichiometry of protein complexes are described. Two unique advantages of this approach over conventional SEC are that the molecular weight measurement is in...

The defining effect of prebiotics is to stimulate selectively the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the gut and, thereby, increase the body's natural resistance to invading pathogens. Prebiotic carbohydrates may also have additional, less specific, benefits because they are fermented in the large intestine. The prebiotic carbohydrates that have been evaluated in humans at the present...

Despite the well-established observation that substitution of saturated fats for carbohydrates or unsaturated fats increases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in humans and animal models, the relationship of saturated fat intake to risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in humans remains controversial. A critical question is what macronutrient should be used to replace saturate...

Recent progress in the studies on the roles of carbohydrates has brought about critical discoveries, which allow us to have working hy potheses for understanding the roles of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. In this report, I focus my description on three different aspects of this progress. I discuss: (« ) the immunologie ¡il response to oligosaccharides aberrantly expressed under path...

In the present study effects of both injections of serotonin and dopamine on haemolymph glucose, total carbohydrates, glycogen and phosphorylase activity in different tissues of intact and eyestalk ablated M.rosenbergii. The haemolymph glucose levels was increased dose dependent in between 10 and 10 mole/prawn after injection of serotonin and dopamine. While the dose 10 mole/prawn induced peak ...

A new method for the spatially defined alignment of carbohydrates on a duplex DNA scaffold is presented. The use of an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-ester phosphoramidite along with carbohydrates containing an alkylamine linker allows for on-column labeling during solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. This modification method during solid-phase synthesis only requires the use of minimal amounts o...

We recorded seasonal changes in the total amounts of soluble carbohydrates in shoots of saltand fresh-water coastal plants at La Pérouse Bay, northern Manitoba, to determine whether adult snow geese and their goslings selected forage rich in soluble carbohydrates during the breeding season. The selection of forage plants in spring and summer by adults and goslings was strongly linked to the pre...