Fossil data have been interpreted as indicating that Late Cretaceous tropical forests were open and dry adapted and that modern closed-canopy rain forest did not originate until after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary. However, some mid-Cretaceous leaf floras have been interpreted as rain forest. Molecular divergence-time estimates within the clade Malpighiales, which constitute a large pe...

In present work, we studied the ecological-hydrological law of three manmade forest communities at a located site of the central Yunnan province from 1998 to 2000. The finding indicated that the interception of canopy, stem-flow, through-fall of E.maideni-A.mearnsii, E.maideni, P.Yunnanensis took respectively up 35.21%, 0.65%, 64.14%; 30.10%, 0.88%, 67.56%; 27.8%, 4.64%, 69.25% of total precipi...

forest fragmentation results in a loss of forest interior and an increase in edge habitat. we studied how understorey bird community composition and habitat variables changed along an edge-to-interior gradient in a 1248-ha lowland rainforest patch in peninsular malaysia. birds and environmental variables such as vegetation structure and litter depth were detected within a 25-m radius of each of...

wind is the carrier of pollutants and any other gaseous or particle matters in the atmosphere. stable atmosphere with low wind provides favorable conditions for high contamination of pollutants in urban areas. the importance of mesoscale atmospheric flows in air pollution dispersion has been recognized in the past three decades and has been the focus of intensive research; both observational an...

Biomass burning activities emit high concentrations of aerosol particles to the atmosphere. Such particles can interact with solar radiation, decreasing the amount of light reaching the surface and increasing the fraction of diffuse radiation through scattering processes, and thus has implications for photosynthesis within plant canopies. This work reports results from photosynthetically active...

This study investigated the effects of human trampling on cover, diversity and species richness in an alpine heath ecosystem in northern Sweden. We tested the hypothesis that proximity to trails decreases plant cover, diversity and species richness of the canopy and the understory. We found a significant decrease in plant cover with proximity to the trail for the understory, but not for the can...

Coniferous tree canopies typically carry more leaf area than is necessary to intercept most of the incoming light. I postulated that an excessively large leaf area will reduce net productivity at tree level, unless the net photosynthetic production of the most shaded shoots in the canopy remains positive. The hypothesis tested was that a coniferous tree canopy maintains a large productive leaf ...

Fresh pistachio fruit cv. Kalleghochi was harvested from the exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy in four geographical directions. The fruit position in exterior and interior parts of the tree canopy has a significant influence on the number of nuts per ounce, pistachio splitting, hull weight, shell weight, kernel weight, colour indices and total anthocyanin content. Results indicated...

[1] This paper addresses the effects of canopy physical processes on snow mass and energy balances in boreal ecosystems. We incorporate new parameterizations of radiation transfer through the vegetation canopy, interception of snow by the vegetation canopy, and under-canopy sensible heat transfer processes into the Versatile Integrator of Surface and Atmosphere (VISA) and test the model results...

The operational constraints for a 6-electron/6-proton CO2 reduction system that operates at the concentration of CO2 in the current atmosphere (pCO2 = 400 ppm) have been evaluated on a variety of scale lengths that span from laboratory scale to global scale. Due to the low concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, limitations due to mass transport of CO2 from the tropopause have been evaluated th...